Leak testing is a broad term that includes a multitude of technologies. For the purposes of this article, different leak test methods will be referenced but not described in full detail. This article defines the broad term leak test and takes a closer look at the pressure decay leak test method. Furthermore, this article will describe how a pressure decay test works, considerations for the pressure decay method, and how recent technological advancements have impacted manufacturing environments.
What is Leak Testing?
A fixed head leak tester is a procedure used to determine if an object, product, or system functions within a specified leak limit. A leak occurs when a gas or liquid flows through an object via an imperfection or manufacturing defect such as a hole, crack or weak seal. These imperfections create high- and low-pressure zones within a product, forcing the gas or liquid to flow from the high-pressure area to the low-pressure area. The primary leak test method discussed in this article uses pressurized air to identify leaks.
Leak Testing Methods
There are many different types of leak test methods, which have different detectable leak rate limits. This article will primarily discuss the pressure decay leak test method. A pressure decay test identifies if a part is leaking or not within a predetermined leak rate limit. The smallest detectable leak rate for the pressure decay method is 10-4 mbar*l/s or 0.0059 SCCM.
The benefits of pressure decay leak testing include:
Economical
Fast (depending on the internal test volume of a part)
Easy to set up
Only requires compressed clean,
dry air
Quantitative
Nondestructive
No pre or post processing required
Determining a leak rate is vital to selecting the best leak test method. 
Typical industries for pressure decay leak test methods include:
Automotive
Sealed Electronics
Medical Devices
Packaging
Consumer Goods
How a pressure decay test works
During a pressure decay test, a product is attached to a leak test system and filled with air. Once pressurized, the air source is closed off and the pressure is allowed to settle. During the test any decrease in air pressure over time signifies a leak.
Variations of pressure decay methods
Pressure Decay – Measures the pressure change of an object under positive pressure
Vacuum Decay – Measures the pressure change of an object under negative pressure
Occlusion – Checks for a blockage in the gas flow path of an object
Burst – A destructive or nondestructive ramping pressure test that measures the point at which the device opens or has a catastrophic event (rupture).
Crack – Typically performed on check valves to detect weeping prior to reaching the opening pressure. A downstream sensor monitors for weeping.
Chamber – Finds leaks in sealed packaging or devices that do not include an opening for filling.
Depending on the functional use of an object or part, any of the above tests may be required.
Considerations for leak testing:
What is the intended use of the part?
What medium is being constrained inside or outside of a part? A medical device manufacturer designing an IV set may try to keep saline inside the IV set. An automotive manufacturer may have designed their manifold to prevent exhaust gases from escaping the exhaust manifold. An acceptable hole or porosity in these parts is contingent upon the application by which a leak limit will be determined. 
Medium
An oil molecule is larger than a water molecule and a water molecule is larger than an air molecule. If an eight micron hole is subjected to 45 psi of pressure, air will create a noticeable leak, whereas water will only create a droplet and oil may not leak at all.
What pressure range is a part subjected to during use? What safety factor is required? Finding the appropriate pressure range for an application is vital. If the test pressure is too low, quality may be affected, and faulty parts may pass the leak test and go on to fail during use. Conversely, selecting a pressure range that is too high will extend the time it takes to complete the test and possibly damage the part.
Internal Volume
The test volume plays a significant role in creating a repeatable and sensitive test. Reducing the overall volume enables shorter test times with greater sensitivity. Parts that cannot have a volume reduction will benefit from pneumatic and sensor assemblies appropriately sized to meet test cycle expectations.
Acceptable Leak Rate
Everything leaks but what leak rate is acceptable for an application? Leak rates are most often specified by regulatory requirements specific to an industry. Often when testing a new product some trial and error is involved in finding what leak rate is acceptable for the product’s application.
Material
The material of the part under test affects test time. Compliance influences both the fill and settle steps in a leak test. If a malleable object is subjected to pressure and is not given enough time to settle before a test begins, the part may be expanding or contracting during the leak test, yielding inconsistent results.
Design
During the design and development of a product it is important to consider the test criteria to ensure a part has been manufactured correctly. Design criteria such as test pressures, access ports, shared walls or vessels, internal test volumes, and leak rate specifications all have an impact on the complexity and time required for a leak test.  How the object connects to a leak test system helps to determine what kind of leak test will be run on the object. A fully enclosed object with no port to fill the item, such as a waterproof enclosed electronic device, requires a chamber test which includes a sealing fixture. An object with one port or opening, such as a catheter, can be directly connected to the front port of a leak tester without a fixture.

Conveyor has been a staple in the materials handling industry for decades. As the demand for reduced cost, increased throughput and integrated automation grows, so does the need for conveyor systems of all types.
Conveyor is available in many styles and is used in countless applications. In this Equipment 101 article, Modern spotlights the basics of some of the most common conveyor types:
? Non-powered skatewheel and roller conveyor
? Powered, or live, belt and roller conveyor used in handling packages and other small products
? Powered chain and roller conveyor used in handling pallet loads of goods
NON-POWERED CONVEYOR
Non-powered conveyor, the simplest form of conveyor, uses the natural forces of inertia and/or gravity to keep products moving.

Portable sections of non-powered conveyor are often used for loading packages onto the back of an over-the-road truck. Non-powered conveyor can also serve as takeaway conveyor for cartons coming out of an automated sorter, and it’s often used in workstations and pick modules where employees complete their tasks and then push their work along to the next zone or station. The two most common types of non-powered conveyor are skatewheel and roller.

Skatewheel conveyor
Only a little energy is needed to turn the small wheels of a skatewheel conveyor, and that makes skatewheel good at maintaining the speed of a product. Because each wheel turns independently, skatewheel conveyor is also a good choice for the curved sections of a conveyor line.
Roller conveyor
Non-powered roller conveyor is commonly used for workstations and pick modules because it provides a better working surface and is often less expensive than skatewheel conveyor. It’s also good at slowing the inertia of products coming out of a high-speed sorter.
Whether it’s skatewheel or roller, non-powered conveyor that relies on gravity to move product is still used a lot in the market, says Russ Devilbiss, sales manager for Carter Controls and chair of the Material Handling Industry of America’s (MHIA) Conveyor & Sortation Systems industry group. The limitation with non-powered conveyor, however, is control. “With gravity, you can’t control the force, and you always want to be in control of your product,” says Devilbiss.
POWERED PACKAGE-HANDLING CONVEYOR
When it comes to moving packages and other relatively small items, two styles of conveyor dominate the market: belt conveyor and powered roller conveyor.
Traditionally, belt conveyor has been used for transporting products, while roller conveyor has been used for accumulating products.
Another factor taken into consideration when choosing between belt or roller conveyor depends on the size of the product being moved.
Belt conveyor
In traditional belt conveyor, an AC motor drives a pulley that then turns a long, looped belt. Underneath the belt sits either a bed of non-powered rollers or a sheet of metal known as a slider bed. The belt can be made of a variety of materials with a variety of surfaces, depending on the items it is intended to convey.
For example, according to Ken Ruehrdanz, warehousing and distribution market manager for Dematic, a belt surface can be smooth where you need to slide an item off a conveyor easily or ribbed to give it more gripping power, like on inclines and declines.
And, belted incline or decline conveyor can be used to move product from one level of a facility to another. Spiral conveyor is another way to move product from one level to another. If floor space is limited, spiral conveyors are often a good solution. 
Regardless, traditional belt conveyor is a simple, time-tested technology. It’s less expensive than powered buffer conveyor, it provides a more stable surface, and it can convey a variety of products. Poly bags, envelopes and electronics are examples of products handled easily by belt conveyor that are often too small or too light to be conveyed directly on rollers.
Roller conveyor
Despite the advantages of belt conveyor, many of today’s distribution centers are filled with roller conveyor because it allows accumulation of products. Accumulation is a way to make the conveyor store product for a determined amount of time then released into an automated sorter or palletizer, for example.
Zero pressure accumulation means products on the conveyor do not touch each other. Minimum pressure accumulation, however, allows the products to make contact, but with a determined degree of impact that will not cause damage.
Powered roller conveyor falls into a number of different categories, depending on the way the rollers are driven. Three common categories are line-shaft, belt-driven and motorized roller.
Line-shaft conveyor: In a section of line-shaft conveyor, a long metal shaft runs below the bed of rollers. Rubber o-rings connect the rollers to the shaft so that when the motor turns the shaft, the shaft turns the rollers.
Line-shaft conveyor is the least expensive type of roller conveyor. It has been in the market for a long time, but it has limitations. Even though line-shaft flexible conveyor costs less, explains Don Erickson, director engineering for Automotion, it is parts-intensive, which leads to high maintenance requirements. 

BOE monitor display panels cover a full range of products from 18.5 inches to 43 inches, with high image quality, wide viewing angles, high refresh rate, low power consumption, a borderless design, and other features. Resolution of up to 8K can be achieved. The products are widely used in entertainment, office, professional design, and other fields.
 
BOE LCD panel offers super sharp pictures and great color. But do the pros outweigh the cons when it comes to LCD TV displays? Before deciding on a thumbs up or thumbs down, you should understand how an LCD display works.
Liquid crystal display (LCD), electronic display device that operates by applying a varying electric voltage to a layer of liquid crystal, thereby inducing changes in its optical properties. LCDs are commonly used for portable electronic games, as viewfinders for digital cameras and camcorders, in video projection systems, for electronic billboards, as monitors for computers, and in flat-panel televisions.



Electro-optical effects in liquid crystals
Liquid crystals are materials with a structure that is intermediate between that of liquids and crystalline solids. As in liquids, the molecules of a liquid crystal can flow past one another. As in solid crystals, however, they arrange themselves in recognizably ordered patterns. In common with solid crystals, liquid crystals can exhibit polymorphism; i.e., they can take on different structural patterns, each with unique properties. LCDs utilize either nematic or smectic liquid crystals. The molecules of nematic liquid crystals align themselves with their axes in parallel, as shown in the figure. Smectic liquid crystals, on the other hand, arrange themselves in layered sheets; within different smectic phases, as shown in the figure, the molecules may take on different alignments relative to the plane of the sheets. (For further details on the physics of liquid crystalline matter, see the article liquid crystal.)
The optical properties of liquid crystals depend on the direction light travels through a layer of the material. An electric field (induced by a small electric voltage) can change the orientation of molecules in a layer of liquid crystal and thus affect its optical properties. Such a process is termed an electro-optical effect, and it forms the basis for LCDs. For nematic LCDs, the change in optical properties results from orienting the molecular axes either along or perpendicular to the applied electric field, the preferred direction being determined by the details of the molecule’s chemical structure. Liquid crystal materials that align either parallel or perpendicular to an applied field can be selected to suit particular applications. The small electric voltages necessary to orient liquid crystal molecules have been a key feature of the commercial success of LCDs; other display technologies have rarely matched their low power consumption.


Mechanics of an LCD display
The LCD consists of a large number of pixels, or picture elements, consisting of liquid crystal molecules held between two sets of transparent electrodes.
The liquid crystals react in predictable ways when the electrical charge running between those electrodes is changed — meaning they twist and move in ways that let different amounts (and colors) of light through the crystals. The LCD has a control system that translates your video signals into the proper charges for each electrode. A light source shines through the TV LCD panel and creates your picture.
When compared to the other type of flat-panel display (plasma), LCDs tend to be found on the smaller size of the spectrum. You’ll rarely find a plasma TV smaller than 42 inches, but you can find LCDs at sizes as small as 13 inches.
Benefits of LCD displays
LCD displays have some strong points when it comes to playing video:
· Extremely high resolutions: LCDs can easily reach HDTV resolutions (in fact, most LCD displays do). You can find a 1080p-capable LCD display in all but the smallest sizes — while many plasma displays are still 720p.
· Excellent color: LCDs offer exceptional reproduction of colors, with the potential for beautifully re-created colors across the spectrum. This differs from other flat-panel displays (such as plasma systems), which often tend to display certain colors inaccurately.
· Great picture: The newest and most expensive LCDs use an LED (light emitting diode) instead of a traditional bulb for their light source. These LEDs produce a higher-quality picture because the LED itself emits a more natural (closer to daylight) light than a bulb (which tends to be yellowish, not true white).
· Energy efficiency: LCD HDTVs are perhaps the greenest HDTVs. Compared to plasmas, LCD HDTVs use less electricity to run. You can probably expect to use about 30 percent less power for an LCD than for a similar-sized plasma.
· PC monitor-capable: Most LCD television displays can also do double-duty as a PC monitor, plugging directly into any PC with a standard PC video cable.
·  No burn-in: If you play a lot of video games, watch the stock ticker on MSNBC, or do other things with your display that involve a lot of static content (images that don’t change or move around) on a CRT display, you can end up with those images permanently burned into the phosphors on your screen. Because LCDs use a separate backlight instead of creating their own light with phosphors, they are immune to this problem (plasmas are not, by the way).
·  Inherently progressive: Unlike direct-view systems, LCDs don’t display their picture using electron guns scanning lines across a screen. Instead, LCDs use millions of tiny transistors that can be individually controlled by the “brains” inside the display. This means that LCDs can easily handle progressive-scan sources, such as progressive-scan DVD and HDTV.
We learned in school that there are three common states of matter: solid, liquid or gaseous. Solids act the way they do because their molecules always maintain their orientation and stay in the same position with respect to one another. The molecules in liquids are just the opposite: They can change their orientation and move anywhere in the liquid. But there are some substances that can exist in an odd state that is sort of like a liquid and sort of like a solid. When they are in this state, their molecules tend to maintain their orientation, like the molecules in a solid, but also move around to different positions, like the molecules in a liquid. This means that liquid crystals are neither a solid nor a liquid. That's how they ended up with their seemingly contradictory name.
So, do liquid crystals act like solids or liquids or something else? It turns out that liquid crystals are closer to a liquid state than a solid. It takes a fair amount of heat to change a suitable substance from a solid into a liquid crystal, and it only takes a little more heat to turn that same liquid crystal into a real liquid. This explains why liquid crystals are very sensitive to temperature and why they are used to make thermometers and mood rings. It also explains why a laptop computer display may act funny in cold weather or during a hot day at the beach.
Drawbacks of LCD displays
Consider the following problem areas before you buy an LCD system as your primary display in a home theater:
Slightly more expensive for their size: Inch for viewing inch, LCDs tend to be a bit more expensive than plasma flat-panels.
Poor reproduction of blacks: Compared with direct-view tube displays, LCDs do a poor job of reproducing black images. Darker screen images never show up as true black, but rather as various shades of gray, and actions happening in these darker areas are difficult to discern.
Limited viewing angle: Although they are getting better due to some intensive efforts by manufacturers, LCDs typically have a poor viewing angle. If you are not sitting almost directly in front of the screen, you don’t get a good picture.
Limited brightness: Because LCDs use a backlight shining through the liquid crystal, most of the light is absorbed. As a result, the LCD displays have lower contrast and are harder to view in a brightly lit room (the picture appears washed out), compared with plasma TVs. LCD TVs with LED backlights do better in this regard.

SEOUL (Reuters) - Samsung Electronics’ display unit said on Tuesday it will extend production of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels for TVs and monitors, as more people sought home entertainment during the coronavirus pandemic.
Samsung Display’s decision to extend LCD production in South Korea for an unspecified period of time overrides its announcement in March that it would end all production by the end of the year to focus on more advanced technology.
Samsung Display said the length of the extension would depend on profitability considerations and market conditions. It had said in late October that it was considering a “short-term” extension.
Local media outlet IT Chosun reported earlier on Tuesday that production would be extended by a year at the request of Samsung Electronics’ set manufacturing division, citing unnamed tech industry sources.
A spokeswoman for Samsung Display declined to comment on the IT Chosun report.
The stay-at-home trend sparked by the coronavirus pandemic led to a 30% quarter-on-quarter spike in global panel demand in the third quarter of the year amid more TV and notebook demand, according to technology research firm TrendForce.
However, the firm added that the influx of more production capacities from Chinese LCD makers was likely to worsen a supply glut next year.
SAMSUNG LCD panel is in both South Korea and China, but it earlier this year sold a majority stake in its Suzhou LCD production unit to TCL Technology Group Corp’s China Star Optoelectronics Technology unit.

LG Display has changed its CEO in its bid to reorganise its businesses amid declining LCD profits and lackluster OLED display panel sales.
The company, which is the display panel-making affiliate of LG Group, approved the motion to name LG Chem President Jeong Ho-young as its new CEO in an emergency board meeting on Monday, LG Display said in a statement.
Current CEO and Vice Chairman Han Sang-beom had expressed his desire to resign in order to take responsibility for the company's recent profits decline, LG said.
Jeong is expected to officially take over the CEO position in the shareholders meeting in March next year but will become the acting CEO on Tuesday.
The move is highly unusual as it normally makes leadership changes during its group-wide year-end reshuffle.
LG Display had once been a profit darling for the group, but its fortunes have drastically changed since 2018 from intensifying competition in both its traditional LCD business as well as the newer OLED one.
It is losing out to Chinese rival BOE in the LCD market, while its large-sized OLED display panel business has suffered from slower than expected sales from increased competition by Samsung's QLED counterpart. 
LG Electronics' TV business saw its operating profit halved in the second quarter from slower than expected OLED TV sales.
In regards to the small-sized LCD and OLED display panels used in smartphones and tablets, Chinese clients are increasingly relying on local suppliers over LG. At the same time, the South Korean tech giant cannot match Samsung's volume and yield rate when it comes to providing display panels for the more profitable mobile OLEDs. 
LG Display posted operating losses of 369 billion won in the second quarter of 2019 with revenues of 5.35 trillion won, which was much lower than analysts' expectations.
But the company has increased the production capacity of its OLED factories in China and South Korea, with the goal of moving 10 million large-sized panels by 2022 to decrease unit cost and increase sales. 
LG Display has also commenced the restructuring of its LCD business, halting some of its factory lines and lowering production output, and will likely now make even tougher measures under new leadership.
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Planning to buy a new backpack for backpacking? There are three main areas where you’ll need to make choices.
Backpack capacity: The size of the pack you’ll need is tied to the length of your trip and how much weight and bulk you want to carry.
Backpack features: These are the refinements that affect how the pack works for you.
Backpack fit: Torso length—not your height—matters most.
Frame Type
Internal-frame backpacks: The majority of packs sold at REI today are body-hugging, internal-frame packs where the structure is hidden inside the back panel. They are designed to keep a hiker stable on uneven, off-kilter terrain and may incorporate a variety of load-support technologies that all function to transfer the load to the wearer’s hips.
External-frame backpacks: With an external-frame pack, you can see the structure that supports the load: aluminum (usually) hardware on the outside. Because the frame extends beyond the packbag, a backpack like this may be an appropriate choice if you’re carrying a heavy, irregular load (like an oversize tent or inflatable kayak). External-frame packs also offer good ventilation and lots of gear organization options.
Frameless backpacks: Ultralight devotees who like to hike fast and light might choose a frameless pack or a climbing pack where the frame is removable for weight savings. But packs without a frame are much more uncomfortable under heavy loads.
Ventilation
Some packs feature a suspended mesh back panel to combat the sweaty-back syndrome you tend to get with internal-frame packs that ride against your body. Also called a “tension-mesh suspension,” this is a trampoline-like design where the frame-supported packbag rides a few inches away from your back, which instead rests against the highly breathable mesh. Other packs will have ventilation channels (sometimes called “chimneys”) in the back panel to solve the same issue.
Why the Shoulder Bag Is Perfect for Post-Pandemic Life
The shoulder bag is back. As we reemerge—whether that entails a return to office life, resuming dinner dates with old friends, or planning travels for the summer—there’s an appetite for the best slouchy handbags that are soft yet comfortable to carry. Recently during the resort 2022 collections, Louis Vuitton made a case for the silhouette, as did Khaite and Balmain, which showcased their own iterations on the catwalk: Louis Vuitton presented its signature monogrammed versions, Khaite displayed its classic minimalist take, and over at Balmain, slouchy bags were oversized and front and center. And just last week Altuzarra released its new Duo bag collection, which features its own unstructured shoulder bag. Altuzarra’s version, however, takes it a step further by offering it in a reversible option—why choose just one color when you can have two?This accessories trend seems to wink at the comfort we’ve all been seeking as of late. We need practicality in our handbags, but that doesn’t mean they can’t be cushy and soft. Just as our wardrobes are shifting from cozy pajamas to double-duty dresses and our winter slippers to summer shoes, we’re all looking to ease back rather than rush. Ahead, shop 24 of the best slouchy handbags for post-pandemic life, perfect for all occasions—work, play, travel, and beyond.
What is a hobo bag?
While hobo bag is characterized by its crescent shape, slouchy posture and a long strap designed to be worn over the shoulder. This type of bag is typically large-size and are made from soft, flexible material that tends to slump or slouch when it is set down.
This bag is called hobo bag since it looks the same shape with the bindle on a stick that hobos are portrayed as carrying over their shoulder in cartoons and drawings.
But if you are getting bored with your regular totes, satchels and other purses, a Hobo bag can be an exciting addition to your collection. Legend has it that a late fashionista took note from the cartoon characters, the hobos, and tied her belongings in a stylish handkerchief, giving birth the hobo bag.
WHY IS IT CALLED A BUCKET BAG?
Wondering why is it called a bucket bag? Simple! The bag literally resembles a bucket with its roughly cylindrical shape, deep interior and tall sturdy sides. Typically, the bucket bag’s wide brim is closed by a convenient drawstring that makes it easy to use. 
WHAT IS A BUCKET BAG?
The bucket bag might look as striking as any totally modern and fresh style, but actually, it’s been around for quite a while. 
Major names in fashion have been playing around with versions of the bucket bag since the 1940s. One of the first bucket bags to popularize the style, from Hermès, took the name quite literally. They removed the bag’s typical drawstring and used stiff material to design a look essentially indistinguishable from a bucket tooled out of leather. 
With contemporary brands always looking to re-image dazzling silhouettes, the bucket bag has undergone many transformations. It came back onto the radar of fashionistas in a big way when Mansur Gavriel, a New York City brand founded in 2012, introduced their own take on the bucket bag. Their take on the bag was refined, but still glittering with personality—a perfect companion to anyone who dresses with intention. 
HOW TO WEAR A BUCKET BAG?
This quirky but somehow still oh-so elegant bag has quickly made its name as a cult favorite. Since the fashion world fell back in love with bucket bags, designers have been putting their own twist on the look, softening the shape to create a more elegant look or applying minimalism to create a more stripped-down statement piece.
There is really no wrong way to wear a bucket bag. You have to love its versatility. Because it is the bag’s shape, not material or print that defines what is a bucket bag, there is endless room for brands to bring their own take to the design. 
Some bucket bags, like Hozen’s mini bucket bag come with two straps so that the silhouette can be adjusted to different lengths to make it a perfect partner for a variety of styles. Whether you want to wear it as a chic shoulder bag, or as a longer across the body bag, the bucket shape can fill out any outfit perfectly. Plus, the utility of the design has been modernized with super user-friendly features like drawstrings and weather-proof materials. 
Bucket bags are a great choice for a weekend get-away because their functional size can easily fit everything you need in the interior’s ample storage space. The wide and round top also makes it a great beach-side companion because it’s easy to access your phone or lipstick without having to dig around and risk dragging in dreaded sand.
ARE BUCKET BAGS IN STYLE?
Even though the design-new PU bucket bag has a rather minimal shape, it can be endlessly customized to suit any style. From bright and bold patterns to vegan eco-friendly leathers, to canvas and woven raffias, there’s a bucket bag out there for every look. 
The bucket bag is the perfect solution for girls who prefer bold individual looks but cannot afford the high price tags of adventurous bags that might quickly go out of style. The timeless quality is essential to what is a bucket bag.
Because the bucket bag can so easily be re-imagined by fashion brands, it’s an amazing opportunity for eco-conscious designers to introduce looks that are just as ethical as they are cute. At Hozen, their delightful stripe bucket bags are made of pi?atex, a leather look-a-like that’s made from recycled pineapple crop. As times change, innovative future-thinking designers will keep bucket bags in style.
ARE BUCKET BAGS MORE OF A SPRING OR A WINTER ACCESSORY?
The minimal look can be dressed down or dressed up—and shines in every season. In dark winter colors or light flirty spring patterns, this classic look seems to radiate style. 
Something to love about bucket bags is that most have minimal logos and do without signature patterns that would detract from the individuality of the person who is wearing it. Just another reason the bucket bag is oh so desirable. 
So rain or shine, snow or sun, these sleek, utilitarian bags won’t be going out of style anytime soon. They may have been a hit on spring runways last year, but their timeless shape can be worn effortlessly even in the dead of winter.
CONVINCED YET
Bucket bags aren’t exactly new, despite what trend-setters might have you think. They are one of those classic shapes that will always appeal to lovers of beauty.  So, when the twenty-first century fell back in love with the bucket bag, we fell hard. 
These days, it’s almost impossible to walk into a top fashion brand’s store without seeing one. The classic drawstring PU bucket bag is undeniably a solid choice investment for the new decade, as one of spring’s most coveted trends.
Whether you like to keep things classic, experiment with bold prints and patterns, or if you are the kind of person who goes for an elegant formal look, then our vegan leather bucket bags are an excellent choice. From high couture to lifestyle wear: the bucket bag has a place in every closet! Curious about vegan leather? Then head this way to learn more about vegan leather and the benefits.

LED displays are versatile communication tools. Businesses speak to their clients via these amazing LED billboards and screens. These displays also serve educational and awareness-building objectives. The outdoor screen displays are often used as highway billboards, in stadiums and during outdoor celebrations, while indoor LED screens are widely used inside places of worship, offices, conference halls, restaurants, malls and retail outlets. Other applications of LED displays are in retail, transportation, sports arenas, corporate campuses, institutions of higher education, at gaming hubs and casinos.
Indoor LED display screens also provide seamless displays that are ideal for ambient lighting and shorter viewing distances. LED video walls make the indoor environment more interesting by delivering a spectacular viewing experience—in retail stores, corporate lobbies, etc.
Besides typical indoor and outdoor LED display screens, there are also semi-outdoor screens. These are seen in open halls, under eaves, sometimes beneath sun roofs or even under an outdoor canopy. However, despite giving the same ultra-high brightness as outdoor LED displays, these semi-outdoor screens are not resistant to adverse weather conditions.
Differences between indoor and outdoor LEDs
Outdoor LED screens are mostly used at venues where a mega show is on—for brand advertisements, for instance, as they can offer full colour and very high brightness. Indoor LED screens, on the other hand, cannot address the needs of mega outdoor display projects but are ideal for indoor applications. They offer better spectrophotometric colour. Besides this, they also provide high colour saturation.
The factors that differentiate outdoor and indoor LED displays are explored in this article.
Brightness
This is undoubtedly one of the striking differences between indoor and outdoor LED display screens. Bright sunlight can make it difficult to read dull or less bright LED signs. Thus, to provide ultra-high brightness, outdoor LED display screens are power-packed with many bright LEDs in one pixel. Since indoor signs are not viewed under the harsh glare of the sun, they need to be less bright, by default. Outdoor displays offer several times more brightness than indoor LED screens. Brightness is measured by units called nits or candelas per square metre. The higher the luminosity level, the higher the level of brightness.
Resilience to external weather conditions
Outdoor LED display screens should be highly leak-proof, waterproof, dust-proof, readable in sunlight, anti-lightning and resistant to high temperatures. Indoor LED display screens do not need to offer the same resistance to the outside environment and hence do not come with such features. The outdoor LED screens normally have IP65 water-proof levels while indoor screens have IP20 waterproof levels.
Display resolution
Outdoor LED screen displays will be typically viewed from further distances as compared to their indoor counterparts, thus they have a lower resolution. Since the distance between the viewer and an indoor LED screen is shorter, typically, the resolution for indoor LED displays needs to be high. The greater the resolution the better the picture quality. The pixel pitch, which describes the density of the pixels on an LED display, is another differentiating factor between indoor and outdoor display screens. Outdoor displays have a larger pixel pitch and a lower resolution, whereas indoor displays that need a high resolution for close viewing have a smaller pixel pitch.
Points to remember while choosing LED moving displays
Indoor LED screen displays can be designed in several ways, depending upon the configuration and architectural needs. This is because they don’t require a cabinet for installation. On the other hand, outdoor LED signs cannot be assembled panel by panel on the site. The entire installation is based on the design (as a sign or billboard) or is placed on a building.
The type of LED display chosen should depend on whether it will be positioned indoors or outdoors. Then factor in the size of the placement area or installation site, check if there is a remote control requirement via a PC, and find out the minimum or least viewing distance. The default design of indoor LED display screens is for easy and rapid integration with several input resources and third-party players. However, outdoor LED screen displays need a rugged regulator or controller for playback purposes. They are normally regulated via a copyrighted software suite, which also provides remote access along with sign diagnostics.
Screens with higher brightness are costly and consume more electrical power. Hence, it is important to choose a screen with the right brightness for your needs, so that you don’t pay more for something that is not necessary. Non-weatherproof small pitch LED screen uses LEDs with lower light output, but water-resistant outdoor LED screens need to use brighter LEDs.
Growth in the outdoor LED display market
The outdoor LED display market is expected to boom by 2021.
All outdoor LED displays offer the primary features of energy efficiency and durability. Governments across the globe, like in India, China, Malaysia and the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries, are encouraging energy conservation measures. LED displays to reduce power consumption considerably. These countries are also formulating regulatory policies for a flourishing LED industry.
Modern multiplexes and shopping malls incorporate LED displays as an integral part of their overall design. Outdoor LED displays that deliver dynamic and audio-backed content are more attention-grabbing. Businesses invest heavily in LED displays to grab the maximum attention of their customers. The huge screens that show flashy images along with thunderous sounds never fail to catch the attention of visitors in a mall.
Real-time advertising has further increased the demand for outdoor LED screens. The advertisers carefully monitor their clients’ choices, the market trends as well as consumer responses to the messages displayed and can alter the content accordingly.
Indoor applications of video walls are diverse, as can be seen in transportation (airports, bus terminals, subways, etc), which was an early adopter. However, there’s been increased adoption of these walls at shopping malls and other retailers, hotels, casinos, museums and galleries.
Robust high brightness outdoor LED walls are designed to convey information in a visually appealing manner even in tough outdoor conditions like extreme heat, rain and dust. Unlike other conventional displays, these video walls are highly customisable in shape and size and provide daytime visibility even under direct sunlight.
Indoor And Outdoor LED Display(s): How Are They Different?
Outdoor LED billboard, screens and other products are getting more popular by the day. LED displays have become an important part of the way modern businesses communicate with their customers. Their high brightness, low power consumption, and longer shelf life are just some of the characteristics that give them an edge over the earlier LCD screens. Indoor LED displays, however, are different from outdoor displays in a number of ways.
What are the main 3D technologies for 3D LED displays?
The 3D LED display can express the details of dark and light parts incisively and vividly. It is characterized by high refresh, high gray scale and high contrast, so that the audience can enjoy the content with the immersive experience effect of scenery but no screen in their eyes.
3D LED display is a kind of 3D effect on the screen that can be viewed with naked eyes without wearing professional glasses. The effect presented by the naked eye 3D LED display is very realistic, which can perfectly display the broadcast content and attract the eyes of pedestrians.
As a brilliant LED display in the display market in recent years, with its more and more into the indoor high-definition display field, how to achieve the 3D display technology suitable for LED display has also begun to attract much attention.
So, do you know what are the main 3D technologies for 3D LED displays?
1. 3D display technology of glasses:Glass 3D technology, we can subdivide into three main types: chromatic aberration, polarized light and active shutter, which is commonly known as color division, light division and time division method.
2. Color difference 3D technology: Passive red-blue filter 3D glasses are used together.
The technology is the oldest, the imaging principle is simple, and the cost of implementation is relatively low -- the glasses cost only a few dollars -- but the 3D results are also among the worst.
3. Polarized 3D technology: Also called Polarized 3D technology, it uses passive polarized glasses.
Polarized light type 3 d is the use of light have "vibration" principle to decompose the original image, first through the level of the image is divided into vertical polarized light and polarized light images in both groups, and then about 3 d glasses with different polarization direction of the polarized lenses, so that people around the eyes can receive two sets of pictures, after brain synthetic stereo images.
4. Shutter-type 3D technology: This 3D technology is most widely used in TV and projector, with relatively more resources and excellent image effect. It is highly praised and adopted by many manufacturers, but its matching 3D glasses are relatively expensive.
At present, including LG, Samsung, Panasonic, Skyworth and other brands launched 3D TV, using active shutter 3D technology.
The unique 3D LED display mode creates a sense of spatial dimension. Combined with the stage lighting, it creates an immersive lighting and movie feast, which brings a strong visual impact to the audience.
In addition, in recent years, the demand for artistic performance has been on the rise, and the future prospects of the immersive visual performance stage are very bright.

1. What is LED module?
LED module is a basic unit of led display, which has complete drive circuit and certain appearance.
Outdoor LED module
2. LED module classification.
a.Classifying from the application environment, there are two types led modules. One is indoor LED module and another one is outdoor LED module. The latter module must be water-proof.
b.LED module can also be classified from its color, such as single color led module, tricolor LED module and full color led module.
c.According to the type of LED, the LED module can be classified into DIP LED module and SMD LED module.
3. The composition of LED module.
The LED module is consisted of the following parts & components:
a.LED
b.IC. Generally the driving IC model we used include,
ⅰ.Macroblock MBI5020, Macroblock MBI5024;
  ⅱ.Macroblock high refresh rate MBI5042, MBI5050;  
  ⅲ.Macroblock energy saving MBI5035;
  ⅳ.Macroblock error detection MBI5036;
  ⅴ.Toshiba TB62726;
  ⅵ.Philip 74HCXXX;
  ⅶ.ANPEC4953.
c.PCB. There are so many kinds of PCB in the market, such as single layer board, double layers board and four layers board etc. And the PCB we adopt to our led display modules: FR-4; 1.6mm thickness; Copper foil thickness 35(1oz), SMOBC&HAL, black or green surface painting.
d.Signal connector. There are three types as following,
 ⅰ. Contact pin. It has price advantage, low cost.
We use only the best type connector to ensure the stability of our led displays. And if there's no special requirement, the power connector we use is VH4 to give the great convenience of the maintenance to the led displays.
e.Module kit.
 ⅰ. Bottom case. It is just like a carrier of the LED screen module, the whole LED PCB will be put in it. It seems like a container when the LED module is used to outdoor environment, since the waterproof silicon glue will be poured into it and seal around the LED to realize waterproof.
It is LED's basic structure and whether there is cabinet or not the LED module will be installed on the cabinet or frame through it. The bottom case also can protect the LED from damage when under the working state.
 ⅱ. Mask. There are three kinds of mask in the market.
  1）Conventional hard plastic cement mask.
  2）Soft mask. It is usually for sport perimeter led display usage. Considering the athletes' safety and the intactness of the LED display, at the first layer of the LED display the PC mask will be used and then the soft mask will be attached on the surface.
  3) Silica gel mask. It is mainly used to the smaller pixel pitch LED display and can be pasted on the LED PCB with 3M glue.
f. Resistor and capacitor.
ⅰ. Resistor model: 0603, 0805, 1206 etc.
ⅱ.Capacitor types: electrolytic capacitor, SMD ceramic capacitor.
We use high precision resistor to ensure the color of LED display to be disposable, and to make our products more reliable.

In a thermoplastic extrusion, the material is first softened by heating so that it can be shaped. This process is performed by the extruder, or extrusion machine. This heat softening is referred to by different names, such as ‘thermal softening’, ‘plasticization’, or ‘plastication’.
Most extruders are single screw machines. The screw is what forces the material towards, and then through, the die. Shape is imparted by the die, and/or by post-extrusion forming, and the product is then set to shape by cooling while maintaining its shape. The equipment used to perform this process is known as the post extrusion equipment, while the entire system is known as an extrusion line. In addition, there are food extruder machine and feed extruder machine.
Extruder Classification 
Extruders may be categorized by three figures, for instance, 1-60-24. The first number specifies the amount of screws the machine has, the second number indicates the screw diameter in millimeters (mm), and the third number indicates the effective screw length as a multiple of the screw diameter. Therefore, in the given example, a single screw machine is being described that has a screw diameter of 60 mm and a length of 24 (i.e., a L/D ratio of 24/1).
Machine Construction
Figure 1 shows a cut-away diagram of a simple single screw machine. This diagram shows the arrangement the different parts of the machine. The two units - screw and barrel - interact together to convey the plastic material, melt the material, and then push it through the die.
The screw is rotated at a predetermined speed with the electric motor drive unit and gearbox. Temperature controllers are connected to heating/cooling elements on the barrel to maintain the temperature at the set-point temperatures.
The capability of the screw and barrel assembly to extrude a given material is based on the characteristics or construction of the barrel and screw, the characteristics of the plastics material, and the circumstances under which the system is operated.
Post Extrusion Equipment
When the extrudate leaves the die, it can either be set to the desired shape or its shape can be altered and then set to shape. The equipment that performs this process is known as the ‘post extrusion equipment’ or the ‘haul off’, and in terms of size, it is generally much larger than that of the extruder. This is because plastics take a considerable amount of time to cool, and this cooling process determines the speed the line will operate.
Pet Feed Machinery
The growing demands of today’s pet food market require increasingly specialized knowledge combined with advanced processing technologies. As a longtime partner to hundreds of premium pet food producers worldwide, we provides comprehensive processing solutions and aftermarket services to keep your operations ahead of the curve. All to guarantee easy, safe, and efficient operations that can quickly adapt to the next market trend.
We offers a full range of pet feed machinery – from raw material intake to finished feed bagging – as single unit or complete plant solution. The individual process machines offered are selected from the standardized and proven range of product families.
A wide variety of food products is produced worldwide on our complete twin screw extrusion processing lines to answer increasing consumers demands :  cereals, snacks, crispy breads and crackers, baby food, textured proteins and food ingredients.
At the same time, we also offer pasta machinery and couscous turn-key processing lines integrating our specific design Rotante hot air drying technology.
To enable our partners in the Food industry to gain market shares and leveradge their brands, our expert teams are continuously innovating  to develop and produce high-quality food products with new flavors and taste combinations.
Pasta Production Line
Over 50 years, pasta production line has offered complete production solutions for a wide range of typical short-cut pasta shapes. Over the years, Clextral experts have continuously refined every component in the production process, building high-performance lines to customer specifications, including its exclusive VHT (Very High Temperature) drying system. Clextral short pasta extruders are particularly adapted to the modern requirements of production in terms of cost-effectiveness, flexibility, ease of use, hygiene and maintenance.
HOW IS PASTA MADE ?
The raw materials are mixed with a precise dosing mechanism to maintain constant flow and obtain homogenous dough in the pasta extruder. The pressing phase is carried out with a single screw system specially designed to ensure optimal semolina hydration, mixing, compression and extrusion. Once the dough is kneaded to the required consistency it is put through fitted dies to produce the required shapes and cut to length. Drying is achieved in two phases : first, the pre-drying Trabatto is used to crust the dough surface in order to avoid sticking. The second phase is done on Rotante drying units which include a VHT (Very High Temperature) drying system, which offers several advantages, including faster pasta producton, heightened quality of the final product (especially for pasta made with soft wheat), reduced product loss, short changeover times and very hygienic processing. After drying, the pasta is cooled and stabilized in the industrial pasta machine and then transported to storage or packaged directly.
STATE-OF-THE-ART PRODUCTION OF PASTA
Clextral pasta extruders are designed and manufactured to strict production standards ensuring:

• Quality construction and superior hygienic standards – stainless steel parts, easy cleaning, low loss of raw materials, etc.
  
  
• Quick and easy on-site assembly – modular pre-mounted parts 
  
  
• End-to-end process control – full automation to guarantee product consistency
  
  
• Flexibility – quick changeover, easy shape changes and adjustment of production parameters, capacity varies from 1,500kg to 6,000kg/h
  
  
• Efficient maintenance – standardized extrusion and drying parts, easy access for servicing
  
  
• Follow-up services –training, support, new product design expertise
  
  
• Sustainability – intensified processing to generate energy and water savings, as well as cost-effectiveness
  

• Bakery
  
  
• Coating
  
  
• Confectionary
  
  
• Soups, sauces & gravies
  
  
• Pasta & noodles
  
  
• Snacks
  

• Thin boiled starch
  
  
• Binder
  
  
• Softener
  
  
• Lubricants
  

• Paper – The demand for modified starch in the paper making industry is never less. The reason? Because modified starch increases the bonding strength of paperboard and plain white paper. Our top-of-the-line technology is instrumental in enhancing the strength, quality and brightness of the paper.
  
  
• Packaging – The adhesive property of modified starch is remarkable. Modified starch is an essential component in packaging glue which, in turn, is used for making boxes and cartons. Our unique starch modifying equipment enables you to impart excellent adhesive property to your packaging glue.
  

Perhaps it’s all the gorgeous festival beauty looks on our Pinterest feeds, but lately we’ve had the urge to go full-on cotton candy with our locks. There’s something about pastel-hued, hair-chalked strands that speaks to our inner wild child—and we’ll be honest, the lack of commitment makes them even more appealing. But with new formulas springing up left and right, how are you supposed to know how to use (and more importantly, remove the remnants of) each one? We did the research for you, and found out exactly how to apply and wash out each type of hair chalk, leaving you more time to fishtail and dip-dye to your heart’s content.
Liquid Hair Chalk
Liquid hair chalk lasts anywhere from 2-10 shampoos. It will usually come with a sponge-tipped or foam applicator. To apply, place a towel over your shoulders and put on gloves to prevent staining your clothes and hands. Next, use the applicator to apply the formula to your locks. wait 30 seconds for product to absorb fully, then blow-dry with a styling brush. To remove it, you're supposed to just wash your hair as you would normally. However, you can also massage a hair oil like Sachajuan's Intensive Hair Oil ($33) into your strands before shampooing and conditioning, in order to speed up the removal process.
Hair Chalk Compact
A hair chalk compact can be used on wet or dry hair, but applying to wet hair will give you a more intense color. Take a one-inch section of hair and slide the hair chalk compact over the length you’d like to color. Seal the pigment in with a spritz of hairspray. Depending on how light your hair is, it'll last one to three shampoos to get it out of your hair. Hair chalk that comes in a compact will usually wash out quickly and easily with shampoo, though blondes may have to shampoo a few times more to rinse out all of the pigment.
Hair Chalk Pen
The traditional hair chalk pen can be used on wet or dry hair, and lasts from 2-4 shampoos, depending on how light your hair is. Place a towel on your shoulders and use gloves to prevent staining. If you're brunette, wet the section of hair you’d like to color before applying the chalk. Blondes can do that too, but it'll make the pigment stay on much longer. Apply the chalk to the strand of hair you'd like to color, twisting the hair into itself as you go. Allow for the color to dry, or just give it a cool blast of air with your hairdryer. Style as usual, but if you want to lock in the color, finish it with hairspray. It can be removed with normal shampoo, but a clarifying shampoo (like Verb's Reset, $16) will rinse it out quick.
Hair Chalk Spray
Hair chalk spray is likely the easiest to use, because you just spray it on dry hair right before going out. It typically only lasts a few shampoos, but that also means it's super easy to get out of your hair. Just mist the color directly on your hair, wherever you would like a pop of color, and style it like normal.
Marker
Markers, or felt-tip pens, serve a variety of functions. Children use them to make bright, colorful drawings. The stereotypical teacher uses a glaring, unmistakable red felt-tip to grade papers. Retail employees, roadside vendors, performers, and protestors rely on the indelible, eye-catching shades and thick inking surface of these writing and drawing utensils to announce sales, prices, and productions, or to create strongly worded posterboard signs to convey dissatisfaction. Markers are also useful for permanently marking surfaces, which is often necessary for identification purposes—putting names on clothing tags, boxes, and tape which can be adhered to almost any item.

Raw Materials

The marker body, cap, and plugs are formed from plastic resin. The marker reservoir, which holds the ink, is formed from polyester. Powder and water are used to form the felt writing tip. In addition, markers require ink, and the pigments and synthetic substances used to make it. Toluol and xylol used to be common synthetics used as solvents in dye, but due to their toxic nature these substances have largely been replaced with safer chemicals such as cyclic alkylene carbonates, although these chemicals are still used to make the indelible ink contained in permanent markers. The solvent is the substance into which the dye is diluted. Water also acts as a solvent in ink. Additives may also be used in an ink mixture to act as wetting agents.

Making the marker
3 To make the body of the marker, plastic resin is injection-molded into a marker body. Injection molding involves heating a substance, in this case plastic resin, into a molten state and forcing (injecting) it into a mold of the desired shape, then allowing it to cool and harden. Marker caps and plugs are formed in the same manner as the barrel.
4 The nib, or tip, of the marker is made from powder which is mixed with water, molded, and baked into its pointed or flat form.
5 Using one machine for all the following functions, an assembler then places a polyester cylinder inside the marker barrel to form a reservoir for the ink, fills the reservoir with ink, and inserts the nib at the bottom and the cap at the top.
6 The markers are then placed into color assortment and packaged for retail marketing.

[/url]The highlighter’s appeal has flourished in the digital age. Most word-processing and e-reader software products have a highlighter function. And the hand-held [url=http://www.jialaitefc.com/highlighter/]highlighter continues to evolve, too. In the early ’80s, the fiber tip gave way to polyethylene beads molded into porous heads. (The plastic squeaks less, and the ink flows more smoothly.) When the highlighter business saw that it wasn’t being embraced by holdouts who preferred pens, it made the dual highlighter/pen. There are now retractable highlighters. And flat ones. And ones that smell like pizza.
LIGHTING UP THE BIBLE
Due to the thin paper used in most Bibles, typical highlighters often bleed through. For that reason, G.T. Luscombe, a distributor of Bible-study accessories based in Frankfort, Ill., got into the business of Bible-paper-friendly highlighters. John Luscombe, the president and chief executive, explains:
Is there a particular color code? There are different types of coding depending on how many colors there are. But for the most common four colors, we recommend that yellow represents blessings, blue represents the Holy Spirit, pink represents salvation and green represents growth and new life.

How to Choose a Paint Starter Set for Beginners
With so many paint colours available and new ranges being released every week, which paint set should you buy when you first start painting?
The overwhelming feeling that descends when trying to buy paint colours either online or in your local art store can often lead to the safe bet…
The pre-boxed starter set.
The paint companies have designed them to help you, right? The best paints for your needs when you are just beginning…or so you would think.
But are they a good choice?
Are you getting the best value for money or are they sending you down the wrong path? I’ve devised a simple technique to help you decide which starter palette is right for you.
Ready for a little paint history lesson to understand what you should be thinking about on your next trip to the art store?…
Boxed starter sets are designed to give you a varied approach, a range of colours that can give you the widest colour gambit with the minimum amount of outlay.
But here’s the rub.
It depends on what you’re aiming for with your end result. If you think about the paintings that you want to achieve, the subject matter you are most drawn to before you actually buy your paints then you can make an educated guess which colour palette is going to be right for you.
The Old Masters
In Renaissance times, the Old Masters learnt their trade of painting as a craft.
The tradition of the craft had a system of apprenticeship.
Colour mixes were kept secret and passed on from generation to generation, some painters even created their own codes to keep the secret mixes safe.
Working under apprenticeships in individual Ateliers (the French word for “workshop”) was the norm. Artists learnt how to grind their own paints from the natural earth pigments surrounding them. Working from dry pigments, they had to be mixed with oil and then ground into a paste by hand to make paint.
The colour choice was limited and paintings relied on the use of dramatic lighting and tonal value to produce great works. (see: The Importance of contrast in painting)
Working with this limited available palette can teach you a great deal about colour mixing and warm and cool colours. I’ve made a free still life video course that shows you a classical approach to painting using just burnt sienna, ultramarine blue & titanium white.
Masters Palette – Perfect for portraits & understanding the importance of tone.
When the Old Masters were mixing colours, the pigments came from the earth, literally ground up rocks and minerals – hence the muted palette being called the earth colours.
When painting portraits, they couldn’t just go out to buy ‘flesh tint’ they looked, observed and mixed it.
Burnt umber, raw umber, yellow ochre, burnt sienna, red ochre, these are the sorts of colours they would have been using.
If you want to try and recreate an Old Master-style painting, using the pigments they used, gives you an immediate head start. In my article on ‘How to choose a basic portrait palette’ I use a muted collection of colours.
Skin tones are muted, so start with a muted colour. It seems obvious right? But when you’re painting the urge to try and ‘fix it’ by adding an extra colour is huge.
Don’t feel like it’s only you, I still do it now after 20 years, even though I should know better!

The Holiday Season brings with it plenty of gifts… and then there are the actual gifts themselves! Yes, we know it. Christmas is not just about presents and shopping alone. It is definitely not a time to just run around from one store to another looking for that elusive gift. But we all do it anyway. Then comes the time to wrap it all up and put it under the giant tree so that it all feels picture-perfect. And for some us, this is undoubtedly the part that we most enjoy. Wrapping your Christmas gift feels so very serene, relaxing, and enjoyable. Maybe it is because you know that finally the shopping is all done. Maybe because you can marvel at the DIY Gift Box you just crafted. And once you’ve completed your DIY gift set you can choose from this pack of 20 different Holiday Grosgrain Ribbon patterns as the final touch. 
This is right; this Holiday Season, it is time to give your presents a homemade box. A festive DIY gift box makes it all more personal and you will see that every member of your family and our friends will love the custom box as much as they cherish the gift inside. Handmade gift boxes also give you greater creative freedom when it comes to ‘saying it just right’. 

This telescopic belt conveyor is an effective and ergonomic alternative to labour-intensive routines. Operators can move heavy or awkward packages into or out of a container/truck rapidly with little effort. Extending some 20 meters/65 ft., telescopic belt conveyors can be used to load/unload any type of loose-loaded cargo - typically parcels, boxes, sacks & tyres. An intuitive smart-pad on either side enables precise control of the boom's elevation and telescopic movement. Push buttons at the operator end of the boom control activation, lights, belt direction etc.
A telescopic belt conveyor is an effective and ergonomic alternative to labour-intensive routines. Operators can move heavy or awkward packages into or out of a container/truck rapidly with little effort. Extending some 20 meters/65 ft., telescopic belt conveyors can be used to load/unload any type of loose-loaded cargo - typically parcels, boxes, sacks & tyres. An intuitive smart-pad on either side enables precise control of the boom's elevation and telescopic movement. Push buttons at the operator end of the boom control activation, lights, belt direction etc. Exceptionally small base sections combined with up to five extending sections enables us to provide custom telescopic conveyors to suit your requirements.
Wheel Sorter
Wheel Sorter is used for belt conveyor system or roller conveyor system. The characteristics of this design is to track conveyed goods accurately and stably as well as set sorting positions at any position along both sides of conveyor lines conveniently to satisfy customers with different sorting requirements. Achieve maximum sorting rate at the same time its best economical efficiency.

Durable: Our O-Belt is made in a whole piece, without any gaps to ensure a longer service life!
§High Sorting Rate: Designed for high speed and bidirectional for sorting operation on both sides at the same time. Maximum Sorting Rate can be 7200 pieces/hour.
§Low Noise: Use new material and noise elimination technology which can be friendly for Environment, noise can be less than 75dB.
§Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection: Light weight material and low energy consumption structure as well as low power and source power (conveyor) drive to achieve successful operation.
§Flexible and Stable Sorting Operation: Online double-row swivel wheel technology prevents conveyed goods from vibration and damage. Stably and flexibly sort goods from light duty to maximum 50kg heavy duty range.
§Easy Layout and Maintenance: Use unit modular design and embedding combination structure, easy for sorting positions be placed at any position along both sides of conveyor line. Product is more reasonable, simple, conveniently used and maintained.
DWS Systems makes its international show debut at IFAT
DWS System, the joint venture between Siltbuster, the water treatment specialist and the German recycling equipment giant, Doppstadt, , will be exhibiting at IFAT 2016 in Munich. This will be the first time DWS Systems has taken part in an international show, since the company was formed in 2015.
Located in hall B1.404, DWS Systems will be exhibiting the latest Gritbuster WT-250 road sweepings recycling system. The WT-250 is uniquely engineered to handle road sweepings, gully waste and trommel fines on a commercial scale, handling up to 25 tonnes per hour. It cleverly uses water to further separate out recyclable materials - washed gravel and sand products - making it easier for materials recycling facilities to separate out on a large scale the constituent elements of the waste they handle. This boosts the level of material reuse and minimises waste going to landfill. Thanks to this level of innovation, the WT-250 is in the running for a prestigious MRW National Recycling Award.
DWS Systems will also be showing its range of water treatment technologies including the HB40R lamella clarifier. This is specifically designed for the removal of suspended solids and other matter from process waters, so that the water can be reused. As a result, those using DWS Systems’ water treatment kit can operate a closed loop process; they don’t have to rely on large settlement lagoons to naturally treat their waste water. The net result is compact solutions which can be rapidly deployed on small sites to reprocess a range of waste materials to a higher standard than can be achieved by the current dry processing techniques.
Commenting on the company’s presence at the exhibition, Dr Richard Coulton, founder of Siltbuster and CEO of DWS Systems UK said: “As just these two products show, we have some powerful solutions for the world’s recycling industry. The collaboration between our two businesses means we can roll them out to an international audience much faster, which is important as the recycling sector faces some real challenges which our systems address. Our presence at IFAT is an important first step in that process. It’s a great opportunity to showcase both the new business and most importantly, the technologies we offer.”
Chapter One - What is a Conveyor Belt?
A conveyor belt is a material handling system designed to move supplies, materials, and components using an efficient and effortless process that saves on time, energy, and cost. The design of conveyor belts includes two motorized pulleys with the conveyor material looped over them. The pulleys operate at the same speed and move in the same direction to activate the motion of the conveyor belt.

There is an endless number of types and uses for conveyor belts. All of the varieties serve the purpose of transporting materials and goods along a continuously moving path. Though motorized conveyor belts are the traditional form of a conveying system, there are systems that use rollers without a motor to move materials.
Chapter Two - Types of Conveyor Belts
The range and uses of conveyor belts cover several industrial settings and applications. The efficiency of conveyor belt systems assists in improving productivity, saves on labor costs, and decreases lead times. Conveyor belts move large quantities of goods quickly and reliably for transport, further assembly, or storage.
The principal reasons so many conveyor systems are in use are the savings in labor costs, efficient movement of goods, and their ability to keep products and materials from damage. They provide the best possible service at the lowest possible cost.
Types of Conveyor Belts
Roller Bed Conveyor Belt
The surface of a roller bed conveyor belt is a set of rollers that match the weight and speed required by the product. The length of the roller bed conveyor belt determines the number of rollers to be used.
A roller bed conveyor belt is designed for applications where materials are loaded by gravity. They are an ideal solution for conditions where materials have to be moved over long distances since they are designed to reduce friction.
Flat Belt Conveyor Belt
A flat belt conveyor belt uses a series of pulleys to move materials and supplies. Its belt is made of natural or synthetic materials; this makes it versatile and adaptable to varying conditions and applications. In some instances, a flat belt conveyor belt may have a center drive and nose bars.
Modular Conveyor Belt
A modular belt conveyor consists of interlocked pieces made of hard plastic with segments that can be easily removed and replaced. The design of modular belt conveyors makes it easier to clean, and the material is resistant to sharp and abrasive substances. Modular belt conveyors come in varying configurations and use a single belt to go around corners, in a straight line, up inclines, and down declines.
Cleated Conveyor Belt
Cleated belt conveyors have sections, pockets, or dividers that secure granular products when the belt declines or inclines. The cleats have equal spacing between them and come in various styles and shapes depending on the product to be moved and the design of the belt.
Inverted Capital T
An inverted T cleat stands perpendicular to the belt and provides support for delicate and fragile materials.
Forward Leaning Capital L
A leaning capital L has a wide base that can be curved to scoop up granular materials. The design of the capital L makes it less resistant to leverage forces.
Inverted V
Inverted V cleats are two inches or less to create a trough like effect and are used for heavy, abrasive, and larger pieces of bulk materials.
Lugs and Pegs
Lugs and pegs are designed to meet the specific needs of a product and are a cost effective solution for products that do not require continuous support, such as cartons. They can be selectively placed to move products of varying sizes.
Sidewall
The purpose of sidewalls on a conveyor belt is to keep the material being moved on the belt. Sidewall conveyor belts are ideal for incline and decline belts and help increase product load capacity to improve conveyor system efficiency. There are a wide variety of sidewall materials, and they can be corrugated at various depths to fit the needs of the product and application.
Curved Conveyor Belt
The curves in conveyor belts are used to carry products around corners, make transfers, and make efficient use of floor space. Curved conveyor belts can make “U” turns to face the direction from which they came. They are made with flat belts and can make turns at 45o, 90o, 135o, and 180o angles.
Incline Conveyor Belt
Incline conveyor belts have a rough, uneven surface to hold materials and prevent them from slipping or falling back. The underside of the belt is smooth to allow the belt to glide smoothly along the bed. Modular belt and timing belt conveyors can be used for this purpose. Depending on the material to be moved, cleats may be included for increased slippage prevention.
Decline Conveyor Belt
The purpose of a decline conveyor belt is to move products or materials down or change its height. As with the incline version of conveyor belts, a decline conveyor belt has a rough surface or cleats to prevent materials from slipping or falling.
Decline conveyor belts are a continuous operating conveyor system with an articulated frame with a section that is pivoted or placed downward to accommodate downward movement of products from an upper location.
An advancement in conveyor belt technology is the electroadhesion conveyor belt, which acts like a magnet that is activated by a switch to create a strong and secure holding force between the container and the belt. Two low amp power strips placed in the conveyor belt powers its holding force. Materials with an electrically conductive pattern are knitted into the belt to produce the force that holds materials in place.
Filter Conveyor Belt
Unlike conventional conveyor belts, filter conveyor belts allow materials to pass through in order to drain excess liquid from components or filter out toxins and contaminants. Filter conveyor belts are constructed with lateral grooves and holes in the center of the belt to allow liquids and fluids to escape. Drainage holes are placed in a fabric free zone down the center of the belt or sealed to prevent the liquid from soaking into the belt fabric.
Much like a sidewall conveyor belt, filter conveyor belts can have sidewalls to prevent liquids and fluids from spilling over the sides of the belt. They are made of heated polyester, polypropylene, polyolefin, or stainless steel mesh for dewatering applications.
Vacuum filter belts are used for washing coal and other ores to assist in the separation of fluids and solids.

Here is a professional guide about how to use a manual feed plate beveller aka plate bevelling machine and it’s setting up, tool change, cleaning, and maintenance.
This is a step by step complete guide on how to use plate beveling machines. In brief, this article covers the following points,

• Components of the SKF 25 plate beveling machine
  
• Safety measure before setting up the plate beveller
  
• Checking the workpiece
  
• Setting the milling head of the plate beveller
  
• Setting the chamfer width plate beveller
  
• Mounting the rollers of the plate beveller
  
• Milling with the plate beveller
  
• Using the plate beveller
  
• Tool change of the bevelling machine
  
• Cleaning of the bevelling machine
  
• Maintainance of the bevelling machine
  

• Compact flange machining kit to convert your existing flange facer. Alternatively you can specify a dedicated compact flange facing machine at the time of order.
  
  
• Journal/end shaft turning kit
  
  
• Heat exchanger mounting kit
  
  
• Heat exchanger back facing kit
  
  
• Lens ring machining kit
  
  
• Orbital milling kit, replacing the single point tool post with a milling head.
  
  
• Hydraulic conversion kit – to convert a pneumatic machine to hydraulic drive.
  

Using Filling Machines to Increase Efficiency and Profitability
Liquid fillers are integral to liquid packaging lines, with automated models capable of maximizing efficiency. Without this equipment, the filling process wouldn’t be reliable enough to ensure that no product loss occurs because of inaccurate fill levels.
Technological developments that are creating more automation and computerizing many of the components in filling machines have made them more dependable than ever before, with many of the best models designed to allow for full customization and user friendliness.
One type of liquid filler that can meet the needs of the paint and coatings industry is the net weigh filling machine. Designed to handle products of low to high viscosity, net weigh fillers are ideal for filling liquids in bulk quantities, such as 5-gallon pails, with consistent weight levels for each container.
Net weigh fillers work by using independently timed valves with custom programming through the filler’s computer. They can then fill precise amounts of liquid by gravity into containers, stopping once the liquid reaches the specified weight.
These fillers can fill many different types and sizes of containers, with many of the top models capable of lasting for many years.
What is a Piston Filling Machine?
At Liquid Packaging Solutions, there are a number of different types of filling machines manufactured to handle different product viscosities, different fill sizes and other variations in packaging projects. The piston filling machine can solve many issues for products with particulates or high viscosity liquids, though it can also handle thin and medium viscosity products as well.
As product sits in the hopper, the valve, which sits between the hopper and the nozzle, will be open from the hopper to the cylinder. The piston will begin to withdraw from the cylinder, typically after an operator activates the fill by stepping on a foot switch. As the piston withdraws, product from the hopper will fill the empty cylinder. Once the piston has withdrawn to the desired point, the valve will rotate to allow product to move through the nozzle. At this point the piston push back in to the cylinder and move product through the nozzle and in to the waiting bottles or other containers. This process creates a highly accurate volumetric fill as the interior volume of the cylinder will never change, meaning the volume of product released to the bottles will never change.
The hopper sizes can vary from project to project based on the size of the containers or fills. Not all piston filling machines, and in particular, the automatic piston fillers, will use a hopper from which to pull product. Automatic lines will likely include a tank or pull from a bulk source. The cylinder and piston combination are also available in different sizes to accommodate different projects. The speed with which the piston moves can be adjusted, different piston sizes can be used to meet volume requirements and even multi-piston, automatic filling machines can be designed for use with inline packaging systems. LPS piston fillers allow the operator to adjust the length of the piston stroke, which in turn adjusts the volume of product that is pulled in to the cylider with each fill cycle. This way a single piston size can handle a range of container sizes. While multiple strokes of the piston can also be used for larger fills, at some point the efficiency of using multiple strokes will become low enough that simply changing out the piston for large containers will be the better solution.
The nozzle used on any piston filler will be chosen to meet the needs of the particular project at hand. For instance, a product with large chunks of fruit or vegetables will not work well if a narrow nozzle is used to move product in to the bottles. On the other hand, a very large nozzle will be cumbersome with a small mouthed bottle. There is virtually no limit to the type of nozzles that can be used, including custom manufactured nozzles where special projects are concerned.
Though a simple concept, the piston filler can be an ideal solution for many projects and for liquids thick and thin. Though these machines are known for handling viscous products, in the right circumstances they will handle free-flowing liquids as well. For assistance finding the best type of filling machine for your own packaging project, contact Liquid Packaging Solutions today.
Overflow fillers, gravity fillers, automatic piston filling machine and other liquid fillers all vary in the way that they move product into a bottle or container. However, the automatic versions of these machines almost always have certain features in common. These features are intended to add efficiency, consistency and reliability to the packaging equipment. Below are a few of the most common features of found on Liquid Packaging Solutions' bottle fillers.
Heavy Duty and Portable Stainless Steel Frame
For consistent and reliable fills, the machine must be stabile throughout the process. The heavy duty stainless steel frame protects against shifting, vibrating and other movement that might effect the volume or the level of the fill, while also avoiding splashes and spills. The stainless steel material is compatible with a vast majority of products, though there are exceptions. When corrosive liquids are run on the machinery, other construction materials may be used for the frame, including HDPE. Ultimately, the material used will be that material which will better extend the useful life of the equipment.
Easy Adjustments From Height to Heads
Many packagers fill more than a single product, or at the very least fill into bottles of multiple sizes and shapes. Changing over from one product or bottle to another means stopping production on the liquid filler. These machines include simple adjustments to minimize downtime and maximize production. Fill heads can typically be moved using simple fingertip adjustment knobs, while power height comes standard on automatic equipment, allowing up and down movement with the flip of a switch. Even auxillary equipment such as power conveyors include knob adjustments or other simple components for railing and other changes. Other adjustments, such as time and delay settings, can easily be made from the operator control panel, discussed in more detail below.

Gravity filling is the simplest filling method. The uncomplicated construction and operation of gravity filling machines permits them to run with a minimum of maintenance. The supply tank (more properly called the filler bowl) is the upper, central part of the machine. Filling stems are attached to the bottom surface of the bowl at each container filling point. A vent tube extends upward into the filler bowl to a point above the liquid level. To begin the filling operation, the container is raised by the platform until it contacts the filling stem. The platform then continues to raise the container against the stem, opening the filling valve. With the filling valve open, the liquid drains into the container. The air in the container flows out trough the vent tube into the space above the liquid in the filler bowl. Although the container becomes filled, the liquid continues to flow in. The excess fluid rises in the vent tube until it reaches the same height as the liquid level in the bowl. Because the vent tube extends above the bowl liquid level, there is no overflow of liquid from the container into the bowl. If the product is foamy, the foam will rise in the vent tube above the liquid level in the bowl. If it is stable foam and will not break down, it will ultimately overflow into the bowl. For this reason, gravity fillers are not often used for foamy products. At the predetermined time after the container is filled, it is lowered from its filling position, closing the filling valve. Liquid left in the filling stem is removed from the vent tube in several ways. For most applications the liquid will fill drain into the next container. For high viscosity (thick) liquids, the vent tube is usually brought out beyond the side or top of the bowl. Here its outer end can be connected to a device that applies pressure or vacuum to the liquid in the tube to assist in the liquid removal. The total differential pressure that allows the fluid to flow is caused by the gravity head pressure in the bowl. This is usually no more than two or three feet of head, or about one psi. On this basis, it can be seen that these fillers will not permit rapid filling of viscous liquids unless they have larger diameter filling stems. To accommodate the stem, the container must also have a large neck opening; otherwise machine modifications have to be made. ElGravity 150x150 Gravity Filling Machine PrinciplesAnother type of gravity filler uses electronics. It consists of a fixed liquid reservoir or bowl with open-end filling stems. The containers are conveyed on the filling line with an intermittent motion, stopping beneath the filling stems. Inside each filling stem is a ball check connected to a long rod. A pencil shaped magnetic block is attached to the top of the rod and passes through a magnetic coil. As the container moves under the stem, it is detected by a sensing device such as a limit switch or electric eye. This device stops the conveyor, and energizes the magnetic coil. The magnetic field causes the magnetic blocks to lift, raising the rod and the ball check from its seat inside the stem. The rate and amount of fill is controlled by the size of the stem orifice and time delay relay connected to the magnetic coil. Because a direct insertion filling tube is not used on this type of gravity filler the filling stem orifice must be smaller than the inside diameter of the container being filled. On small size containers a more positive means for positioning the bottle beneath the filling stem is used. Fill Height Control In addition to controlling fluid flow, control of the filling height is also important. In general filling machines that elevate the container control the fill height from the bottom of the bottle to the liquid level. The rise of the container is positive, and variations in overall container height are compensated for by greater or lesser seal compression. On rising container machines, a compression spring is often built into the tray elevating mechanism. In this case, container height variations are compensated for by the spring, and the fill height is then controlled from the top of the bottle to the liquid level. Controlling the fluid level from the top can be important if the bottle to be filled has square shoulders, because even a slight under fill is noticeable. In rising stem fillers, variation in container height is taken up by the stem itself. It is usually lowered by gravity or light spring pressure, so the fill height is controlled from the top of the bottle to the liquid level. If the product contains a volatile liquid, such as alcohol, control of the fill height is especially important. In this instance, excessive headspace could allow dangerous vapors to form and the bottle would possibly burst if it were stored in a hot warehouse. Therefore, controlling the fill height is an important function of the filling machine. Normally, a fill height tolerance of 1/32″ is acceptable. Container Control There are several devices used to control the containers coming into the filling area. Included are star wheels, worm or screw sorters, and lug chains. They can be used independently or in combination, depending on the type of container, the filling machine, and the product being placed in the container. The majority of all liquid filling machines operate as continuous filling devices. In most applications the machine has a large rotating filling head, which must be constantly supplied with containers. This is accomplished by a continuously running flat top chain conveyor feeding a star wheel or lead screw device. From here the containers are fed into the filling section. Star wheels when used alone separate the containers so they will be properly located beneath the filling stem. They can be made to handle a variety of container designs, although in some cases, the containers may have to be guided into the star wheel to ensure proper separation. Worm sorters are often used to guide containers into a star wheel. They can be short in length and only located near the machine in feed, or they may be full length of the machine’s main conveyor. The amount of container control determines the worm length. In most cases, worm sorters are very much like a wood screw; starting out small in diameter and then increasing to full diameter. A continuous pocket is formed at the root between the raised portion or crest of the thread. This pocket carries the container into its position on the filling machine by a rotating action. Because each container is different in design, worm sorters are usually made for individual applications and are not an “off-the-shelf” item. Lugged chains are normally used with inclined conveyors and semiautomatic filling machines. These machines can be either continuous or intermittent motion devices. The chain lugs are spaced to match the filling nozzles or stems. For example, if the filling stems are on four-inch centers. The chain is adjustable at the drive sprocket for timing purpose only. Position adjustments are usually made by moving the filling heads. Whatever method is used for container control, it is an important part of proper machine operation.

he United States developed the air suspension system during World War II specifically for heavy aircraft. The original purpose of air suspension was to save weight with a compact construction. Back then, air suspension systems were also used in other aircraft and some heavy trucks to achieve a self-leveling suspension. This would ultimately result in a vehicle with an axle height independent of the weight of a vehicle's cargo.
Ultimately, the air suspension system offers several benefits and drawbacks for drivers who rely on larger trucks and vehicles to carry heavy loads.
What Is an Air Suspension System?
An air suspension system is a style of vehicle suspension that's powered by an electric pump or compressor that pumps air into flexible bellows that are typically made out of a textile-reinforced type of rubber. Additionally, Pro Car Mechanics describes air suspension as a replacement to the leaf suspension or coil spring system with airbags composed of polyurethane and rubber. A compressor inflates the bags to a certain pressure in order to behave like springs. Air suspension also differs from hydropneumatic suspension because it uses pressurized air instead of pressurized liquid.
What's the Purpose of an Air Suspension System?
In most cases, air suspension is used to achieve a smooth and constant driving quality, but in some instances, sports suspensions feature an air suspension system too. Similarly, air suspension replaces a conventional steel spring suspension in heavier vehicle applications, like trucks, tractor-trailers, passenger buses, and even passenger trains. Air suspension has also become popular in low-riding trucks like this gorgeous 1982 Dodge D200 Camper Special.
What Is Electronically Controlled Air Suspension?
According to the company now known as Dunlop Systems and Components, at the start of the 1990s, Dunlop developed and installed the Electronic Controlled Air Suspension (ECAS) system on the 1993 Range Rover Classic and again on the Range Rover P38A. The United Kingdom-based company developed the ECAS to include several key features:
Vulcanized, heavy-duty rubber air springs at each of the vehicle's wheels
An air compressor in the vehicle's trunk or under the hood of the vehicle
A storage tank for compressed air, which allows you to store air at around an average of 150 PSI
Valve blocks which direct air to the four springs from the storage reservoir through a set of solenoids, valves, and o-rings
ECAS computer that communicates between the vehicle's main computer to calculate where to direct air pressure
Air pipes connecting from the storage tank to the air springs that channel the flow of air throughout the suspension system
A desiccant-filled drier canister to keep the internal recesses of the system dry
The electronically controlled air suspension also features height sensors that are based on sensing resistance in contact with the terrain on all four of the vehicle's corners to provide height reference for all corners. Additionally, further advancements are beginning to feature some Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that are able to fit under the vehicle's floorboard, making air suspension more widely featured in everyday driving.
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Air Suspension Systems
According to Future Marketing Insights, the total value of the air suspension market at the end of 2017 was around $4.3 million. So whether it's a manual or electronic air suspension system, the benefits can greatly improve the ride of the vehicle. Take a look of some of the benefits of air suspension:
More driver comfort due to the reduction in noise, harshness, and vibration on the road that can cause driver discomfort and fatigue
Less wear and tear on the suspension system due to reduced harshness and vibration of heavy-duty driving
Trailers last longer with air suspension because the system components don't take on as much vibration
Front air suspenions reduce the tendency of short wheelbase trucks to bounce over rougher roads and terrain when the vehicle is empty
Air suspension improves the ride height based on the load weight and a vehicle's speed
Higher corner speeds due to air suspension being better suited to the surface of the road
Air suspension increases the transport capabilities of trucks and trailers by providing a better grip that levels the entire suspension. An air suspension system can also be adjusted for feel, so drivers can choose between a softer feel for highway cruising or a harder ride for improved handling on more demanding roads.
In the case of hauling heavy loads, air suspension offers more consistency and keeps all wheels even. The air suspension system keeps trucks level from side to side, especially in cases where cargo is difficult to level. This results in reduced body roll when turning corners and curves.
Even with the benefits of an air suspension system, Driving Tests New Zealand suggests several drawbacks. Some of these disadvantages that so and so reports include:
The initial costs of purchasing and installing an air suspension system — air suspension can also sometimes reach three times the cost in repairs as a leaf suspension system over 10 years' time
Fuel overheads for running compressors for occasionally pumping air to the correct pressure
Fuel efficiency can suffer from the heavier weight of rear air suspensions over the weight of leaf suspension
An air suspension system's vulnerability to air leaks can result in malfunctions
Some of the drawbacks of air suspension systems are because of some of the mechanical issues they can be vulnerable to. Several of the common issues with air suspension systems that can require repair include:
Rust or moisture damage from the inside that can lead to the air struts or bags to malfunction
Failure of the air suspension tubing connecting the air struts or bags to the air system
Air fitting failure resulting from initial fitting or infrequent use
Compressor burn out due to air leaks in the springs or air struts from the compressor constantly engaging to maintain the proper air pressure
Even with these common mechanical problems, the benefits can far outweigh the drawbacks.
Understanding Compressors
Compressors are mechanical devices used to increase pressure in a variety of compressible fluids, or gases, the most common of these being air. Compressors are used throughout industry to provide shop or instrument air; to power air tools, paint sprayers, and abrasive blast equipment; to phase shift refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration; to propel gas through pipelines; etc. As with pumps, compressors are divided into centrifugal (or dynamic or kinetic) and positive-displacement types; but where pumps are predominately represented by centrifugal varieties, compressors are more often of the positive- displacement type. They can range in size from the fits-in-a-glovebox unit that inflates tires to the giant reciprocating or turbocompressor machines found in pipeline service. Positive-displacement compressors can be further broken out into reciprocating types, where the piston style predominates, and rotary types such as the helical screw and rotary vane.

In this guide, we will use both of the terms compressors and air compressors to refer mainly to air compressors, and in a few specialized cases will speak to more specific gases for which compressors are used.
Types of Air Compressor
Compressors may be characterized in several different ways, but are commonly divided into types based on the functional method used to generate the compressed air or gas. In the sections below, we outline and present the common compressor types. The types covered include:

• Piston
  
  
• Diaphragm
  
  
• Helical Screw
  
  
• Sliding vane
  
  
• Scroll
  
  
• Rotary Lobe
  
  
• Centrifugal
  
  
• Axial