Centrifuge tubes range a lot in terms of quality and performance. There are multiple factors that contribute to the overall quality of the tube that we will discuss in this article. It’s important to take into account your own requirements of a tube medical and then choose a tube that is going to best suit these requirements.

Relative Centrifugal Force
A centrifuge tube will have a maximum speed rating at which the tube can withstand. The speed capacities of tubes will vary greatly between brands so it is important to determine what speeds you will require and go for a tube that will be able to withstand these speeds. When looking at speeds, it is best to look at RCF rather than RPM as RCF takes into account the gravitational force being applied. RPM, on the other hand, only takes into account the rotors spinning speed.
Pricing can vary depending on the maximum RCF a tube can handle so firstly, work out the RCF you will require and find a tube that fits to these requirements. If you are not dealing with high speeds, you may be able to choose a tube with a lower RCF to save on costs of the tubes. If you are a volume user, any potential savings on the tubes can add up to a sizeable amount over time.

Chemical Compatibility
Depending on the type of material the centrifuge tube is made out of, it will obviously have different resistance capabilities to different chemicals. It is important to take into account the types of chemicals you will be using and ensure that the tube you choose has satisfactory resistance to these chemicals. Centrifuge tubes are available in an array of materials such as polypropylene (PP), polyallomer (PA), polycarbonate (PC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PP is a popular type of tube due to its ability to be used for high speed applications, is autoclavable, and is resistance to most organic solvents. Be sure to check a chemical resistance chart to determine what tube will be most suitable for your laboratory.

Volume
Note that you should never overfill a centrifuge tube as it can cause leakages. The maximum you should ever fill a centrifuge tube is ¾ full. Some ultracentrifuge tubes, however, must be filled to the top to prevent collapse. You also need to ensure that you don’t underfill the tubes either. It is always best to make sure you check the product specifications from the manufacturer as they will provide filling guidelines. With this is mind, the tube you select will need to be based on the volume you will be using. If you find that the tube most suitable for the volume you are using will not fit the rotor capacity of your centrifuge then consider an adapter for the rotor. Most manufacturers will have these adapters available so speak to your supplier about an adapter to suit your needs.
A centrifuge tube is an important consumable in any laboratory and the decision upon what tube will best suit your laboratory should not be taken lightly. Suppliers will be able to provide samples for testing prior to committing to order. This gives you the opportunity to put the tube through its paces to ensure that it performs. If you can, get a few different brands to sample and run the same tests on each, this will further assist you in making your decision.

There are many questions about what a rapid test, swab and PCR are and how they are different. All three are terms related to the diagnosis of Covid-19. Equipping yourself with knowledge about these three things is important in this pandemic. Swab and PCR are inseparable test methods to diagnose Covid-19. Swab medical is a way to obtain examination material (sample). Swab is done on the nasopharynx and/or oropharynx. This collection is done by rubbing the nasopharyngeal cavity and/or oropharynx using a tool such as a special cotton swab.

The collection of whole air or gas "grab samples" with commercially available gas sampling bags is a widely used sampling method in fields such as environmental science and industrial hygiene, as well as in a variety of laboratory and technical applications.
The traditional grab sampling method with gas sample bags requires the use of a pump to fill the sampling bag in one of two ways. The Direct Method uses a vacuum pump to draw air from the ambient air being sampled, which then passes through the pump and is loaded into the sample bag. This method is easy to use but allows for potential cross-contamination from the inner parts of the pump fittings and any connection tubing. The Indirect Method employs a hard-walled, hermetically sealed box that is commonly referred to as a lung box. The sampling bag is fixed inside the lung box and connected to the interior fitting inlet. When the lung box is evacuated by a vacuum pump, the sample bag inflates and a sample is collected.

For many researchers, selecting a sample collection kit is one of the first steps in beginning a small- or large-scale clinical study/biobanking project. Deciding how to go about collecting and storing patient/donor samples is paramount to ensuring the success of future assays, and there are a lot of factors to consider. Commercially available collection kits are a good option, but some researchers may prefer to rely on bulk collection supplies.

The Petri dish has been around for over a decade and yet the simple cell growing tools remain a permanent fixture in many laboratories around the world. The shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dishes are most commonly used by biologists to make agar plates, which bacteria can be cultured upon. They are also useful for examining the efficacy of antibiotic drugs in development.

Finding the perfect pipettte and optimizing its use depends on a myriad of factors—some obvious, like the importance of precision and accuracy, and some more specific, like the ability to use the pipette while it is charging.

When the world is moving towards healthier choices, you shouldn’t be left behind either. Let’s take a peek at the what's and whys of this Bidet sprayer and you can see for yourself if it is worth all its hype!

What is a bidet spray?
The bathtub sprayer is essentially a hand-held toilet shower, which is used for cleaning after relaxation.
The shower head is connected to the end of the long hose connected to the water inlet. By pressing the trigger, the water flow can be easily controlled from mild injection to high-pressure injection. Release the lever to turn off the water immediately.
Bidet shower is very common in India, most other Asian countries and Islamic countries. It is also called sanitary faucet, shattaf bidet spray or layman's burning gun.

Why consider installing one?
There are many reasons for choosing to use a handheld bathing basin spray. We list two important issues below.
Reduce the chance of bacterial infection: wiping with toilet paper may still leave some feces. Washing with water is just like washing your hands after going to the toilet. It is cleaner, so it is safer and more hygienic.
Eco friendly: as you may have realized, it no longer needs to spend a lot of money on toilet paper. This is fully manually controlled and therefore replaces the electric water jet toilet being used.
This is a perfect DIY project!
If setting up and repairing things is your business, then setting up the handheld bathtub sprayer kit in the toilet may be your next project, or even your first project, because it is very simple!
The kit includes a T valve adapter, a flexible hose, a sprayer bracket, an oil tank side hook and a sprinkler head.

Buying and installing a hand-held bidet shower is a one-time cost, and the increased water consumption will not be offset by your savings. Therefore, this zinc shattaf bidet spray will certainly reduce your pocket, especially considering the long life of the product.
As you search for a new bathroom & kitchen faucet, you’ll see a number of other options to choose from that influence the overall style and operation of the faucet in your home. It’s a good idea to understand the basic configurations before you choose, to be aware of the product information and ensure you get exactly the features you want.
In a counter- or deck-mounted installation, kitchen faucets can be mounted on the counter or sink edge. Deck mounted is the more common style, and it helps draw attention to the sink as a design element in your kitchen. Here you’ll find the largest variety of faucets, ranging from single-hole mounts to up to three-hole mounts, in all sizes and finishes. Wall-mounted kitchen faucets are often found in more commercial or industrial locations, with a unique and modern style. Home kitchens, laundry rooms, garages, and greenhouses often rely on wall-mounted faucets for their space-saving design. In smaller kitchens with limited counter space, wall-mounted faucets free up the counter and allow different design options for the sink, and unique plumbing profile lines.

Valves are mechanical or electro-mechanical devices that are used to control the movement of liquids, gases, powders, etc. through pipes or tubes, or from tanks or other containers. In most instances, valves rely on some form of mechanical barrier—a plate, a ball, a diaphragm, for example—that can be inserted and removed from the flow stream of the material passing by. Some valves are designed as on-off varieties, while others allow very fine control of the passage of media.

Ball Valves are quarter-turn valves incorporating ported spheres that swivel in the pipe stream to either block, or allow, flow. Special designs are available which enable a degree of flow regulation. Key specifications include the number of ports, port configuration, port connections, valve size, and the materials that make up the valve body, its seat, seal, and stem packing. Ball valves are used practically anywhere a fluid flow must be shut off, from a compressed-air line to a high-pressure, hydraulic system. Ball valves can provide low head-loss characteristics as the port can exactly match the pipe diameter. Ball valves also tend to seal better than butterfly valves, but they can be costlier to purchase and maintain. Typically they are actuated with a lever which provides a visual indication of the valve status.

Float Valves are mechanical devices that use hollow spheres or other shapes mounted on levers or tracks which open and close fluid inlets. A float valve is used primarily for maintaining fluid in a tank at a specific level. Key specifications include the intended application, port connections, valve size, float size, and the materials that make up the valve body, its seal and float. Float valves are used in bathroom toilets to replenish the water level after a flush and in many tank-level control systems.

Globe valves are used for shut-off and regulating, and are used in wastewater plants, food processing facilities, and process plants, for example. The most common variety is the Z-style valve, so-called because of the path through which the fluid follows through the valve body. These two right-angle turns that the fluid must make through the valve account for the design’s relatively high head losses. A less restrictive design is the Y-style valve, which orients the valve stem at 45° to the valve body. Another style is the angle valve, which turns the flow 90°.

The part of the oven lamp or light bulb that connects into the light fitting is generally known either as the cap or base. Caps provide the electrical contact to conduct electricity to the light bulb but it also helps to secure the light bulb into its fitting.
There are a vast variety of caps and bases that exist in order to help make sure that only the correct type of lamp is used in any given fitting. This section shows many of the most popular fittings.

Named after the pioneering inventor Thomas Edison, the Edison screw oven lamp or ES lamp fitting is used worldwide in a vast range of applications. The most popular ES or E27 fitting is 27mm diameter and is widely used in UK and Europe. This cap is the standard 27mm diameter screw cap for UK 240V light bulbs – not to be confused with E26, which is a 26mm size and is designed for the 120V US market.

The G9 Oven lamp is specifically used for 240V capsule light bulbs. The light bulb can be identified by measuring the distance between the center points of the pins. The distance of a G9 measures 9mm.
LED Capsule Bulbs are now also available as an energy-efficient alternative to light bulbs. The fitments on LED capsules are exactly the same as those on halogen capsules, so if you’re replacing your current light bulbs with LED light bulbs and your fitting accepts one of the standard types listed here, you should be able to install them without an issue.

Different light bulbs are designed for different needs, environments, and situations. If you need a bulb that will last a long time, save you money and deliver bright light, then an LED light bulb with a high lumen output is best for you. If you want a light bulb that is budget-friendly, stylish and great for decorative lighting, then a candle-shaped halogen bulb with a low colour temperature is what you need.

UNDERSTANDING LIGHT BULB CAP TYPES AND BASE FITTINGS
Choosing the correct cap type or base fitting is the most important step when it comes to finding the right light bulb. The cap type or base fitting both conducts electricity to the light bulb and secures it into the fixture. Buying a bulb with the wrong Oven lamp holder simply means your lamp will not fit into the fixture – so it’s incredibly important you get it right.
The first letter of the code tells you the base or cap type of the bulb - such as a Bayonet Cap or Edison Screw Base.
The numbers reveal the diameter of the base, or the distance between the pins. This is listed in millimeters.
Some codes will also have additional letters after the numbers. This shows the number of pins or contacts the base has – such as ‘s’ for single, or ‘d’ for double.
So for example, the most common Bayonet Cap base fitting is listed as a B22d fitting. The ‘B’ stands for Bayonet Collar, while the ‘22’ means the base is 22mm in diameter. The ‘d’ at the end of the code means the base has two pins.

Candlelight bulbs feature a design based off the flame of a candle. This attractive ‘flame’ shape naturally gives them a decorative, elegant and vintage look perfect for ornamental lighting in hotels, restaurants and bars. As such, candle bulbs are most commonly used as decorative light bulbs in chandeliers, wall lights and exposed fixtures. Candle light bulbs are generally fitted with an E27 Edison screw base, E14 Oven lamp holder or B22 bayonet cap.
The Edison screw base is another of the most commonly seen base fittings in the UK. As their name suggests, Edison screw bulbs simply screw into the socket of a light fixture.
The most frequently seen size of the Edison screw is the E27 – a fitting that measures 27mm in diameter across its base. Other sizes of Edison screw are available, such as the E17, E26 and E39, but the E27 is the most commonly used in the UK and Europe.
E27s are available in a wide range of wattages and are used for a variety of applications.
Capsule bulbs sometimes called capsule lamps, use a push-fit base. Rather than being screwed or twisted into the fitting, these capsules have two pins in the base that allows them to be pushed into a fixture.
These small capsules are named and categorised by the distance between their two connecting pins. The G4 is one of the most frequently used bases for capsule lamps, and has pins that are 4mm apart. The G9 Oven lamp holder is also used for capsule bulbs, and features pins measuring 9mm apart.

Introduction to Pressure Seal valves

    Pressure seal construction is adopted for Valves for high pressure service, typically in excess of above 170 bar. The

unique feature about the pressure seal Bonnet is that the body-Bonnet joints seals improves as the internal pressure in the

Valve increases, compared to other constructions where the increase in internal pressure tends to create leaks in the body-

Bonnet joint.


   



   
        The higher the internal pressure, the greater the sealing force. Easy dismantling is made possible by dropping the

Bonnet assembly into the body cavity and driving out the four-segmental thrust rings by means of a push pin.
   
   
       

   


    Relying on fairly simple design principles, pressure seal

valves have proven their capability to handle increasingly demanding fossil and combined-cycle steam isolation

applications, as designers continue to push boiler, HRSG, and piping system pressure/temperature envelopes. Pressure seal

Valves are typically available in size ranges from 2 inches to 24 inches and ASME B16.34 pressure classes from #600 to #2500,

although some manufacturers can accommodate the need for larger diameters and higher ratings for special applications.


    Pressure seal gate valves are

available in many material qualities such as A105 forged and Gr.WCB cast, alloy F22 forged and Gr.WC9 cast; F11 forged and

Gr.WC6 cast, austenitic stainless F316 forged and Gr.CF8M cast; for over 500°C, F316H forged and suitable austenitic cast

grades.


    The pressure seal design concept can be traced back to the mid-1900s, when, faced with ever increasing pressures and

temperatures (primarily in power applications), Valve manufacturers began designing alternatives to the traditional bolted-

Bonnet approach to sealing the body/Bonnet joint. Along with providing a higher level of pressure boundary sealing integrity,

many of the pressure seal globe valves

design weighed significantly less than their bolted Bonnet Valve counterparts.


   



    Bolted Bonnets vs. Pressure Seals


    To better understand the pressure seal design concept, let's contrast the body-to-Bonnet sealing mechanism between

bolted Bonnets and pressure seals. FIG. 1 depicts the typical Bolted Bonnet valve. The body flange and Bonnet flange are

joined by studs and nuts, with a gasket of suitable design/material inserted between the flange faces to facilitate sealing.

Studs/nuts/bolts are tightened to prescribed torques in a pattern defined by the manufacturer to affect optimal sealing.

However, as system pressure increases, the potential for leakage through the body/Bonnet joint also increases.


   



    Pressure Seal Gaskets


    One of the primary components involved in sealing the pressure seal Valve is the gasket itself. Early pressure seal

gaskets were manufactured from iron or soft steel. These gaskets were subsequently silver-plated to take advantage of the

softer plating material's ability to provide a tighter seal. Due to the pressure applied during the Valve's

hydrotest, a set (or deformation of the gasket profile) between the Bonnet and gasket was taken. Because of the inherent

Bonnet take-up bolt and pressure seal joint elasticity, the potential for the Bonnet to move and break that set when

subjected to system pressure increases/ decreases existed, with body/Bonnet joint leakage the result.


    This problem could be effectively negated by utilizing the practice of "hot torquing" the Bonnet take-up bolts

after system pressure and temperature equalization, but it required owner/user maintenance personnel to do so after plant

startup. If this practice was not adhered to, the potential for leakage through the body/Bonnet joint existed, which could

damage the pressure seal gasket, the Bonnet and/or the I.D. of the Valve body, as well as creating compounding problems and

inefficiencies that the steam leakage could have on plant operations. As a result, Valve designers took several steps to

address this problem.


   



    Although many manufacturers still recommend hot torquing, the potential for leakage when this is not done is greatly

diminished. The seating surfaces in pressure seal Valves, as in many power plant Valves, are subjected to, comparatively

speaking, very high seating loads. Seat integrity is maintained as a function of tight machining tolerances on component

parts, means of providing the requisite torque to open/close as a function of gears or actuation, and selection/ application

of proper materials for seating surfaces.


    Cobalt, nickel, and iron-based hardfacing alloys are utilized for optimal wear resistance of the wedge/disc and seat ring

seating surfaces. Most commonly used are the CoCr-A (e.g., Stellite) materials. These materials are applied with a variety of

processes, including shielded metal arc, gas metal arc, gas tungsten arc, and plasma (transferred) arc. Many pressure seal

Globe Valves are designed having integral hardfaced seats, while the

Gate Valves and

Check Valves typically have hardfaced seat rings that are welded into the Valve body.


   
Both butterfly valves and

ball valves offer unique benefits, so choosing between them in

certain processes isn't a hard choice. It can be problematic when a process requires valve characteristics that both

valves have. We need a deeper understanding of the butterfly valve vs ball valve in order to pick the correct valve.


   



    Teflon is a polymer compound formed by the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with excellent chemical stability,

corrosion resistance, sealing, high lubrication and non-viscosity, electrical insulation and good aging resistance for media

such as strong acid, strong alkali, strong oxidant. Its operating temperature is -200 ~ 180℃, poor fluidity, large thermal

expansion. Teflon lined valves ensures extremely high

chemical resistance and longevity, can be widely used in corrosive applications in the chemical, electric machinery，

harmaceutical, petrochemical, fertilizer, pulp and paper, and metallurgical industries.

GOLF CART OR UTV? (WHICH IS RIGHT FOR YOU & HOW TO CHOOSE)

    Golf carts and UTV are pleasant means of transportation. Comparing

electric and gas golf carts is common, but you rarely see comparing golf carts with UTV. This is mainly because these two

vehicles can be used for very different purposes. However, some intersections may make people wonder which is better, golf

cart or UTV. We have compiled a guide to help you identify differences and which one better meets your needs. Before you

decide which is the better choice, you need to consider a few things.


   



    1. Speed


    The speed will be affected by the power supply mode of your shopping cart or UTV and the modifications made to it. Some

normal golf carts do not run very fast. If UTV has many

functions, it will drag it down, and you may lose some speed. You can use gasoline or electric UTV and golf cart at the same

time, but gasoline will be faster. A gas-driven UTV golf cart is often a

little faster than a gas-driven golf cart.


    However, some owners can make some adjustments to their golf cart to get faster speed. There are some golf carts and UTV

that can play very well. Some faster vehicles run at about 25 mph.


    Of course, on rough terrain, you will find that you cannot get these numbers, but on flat roads, you will get them. It is

difficult to decide whether a golf cart or UTV is more suitable for you only based on speed. In terms of speed, both can

choose to provide you with very similar numbers.


   



    2. Haulage


    There is no doubt that UTV hauls better than off-road golf

cart. In most cases, golf carts are made for hauling golf clubs, some players and their equipment. In addition, golf

carts are not known for being able to move heavy objects.


    However, some working golf carts can carry several boxes from one area of the maintenance facility to other areas.

Speaking of UTV, part of their design is to help you drag things. When we talk about traction, we mean how much UTV can

carry, and then traction is how much it can pull.


    In terms of traction and traction, UTV has more capabilities than

vintage golf cart. Some utvs can carry or tow thousands of pounds. This is not the case with golf carts. If you use UTV

on the farm and move products around the farm, there is no doubt that UTV will be more suitable. The manufacturer's

recommendations must be checked when towing and towing restrictions are involved. You donnot want to try a project just to

find that your vehicle cannot do what you want to do.


   



    3. Gas/electricity


    In the past few years, only golf carts can use gasoline and electricity at the same time. It is a relatively new concept

to see that UTV can also be used in power. Although electricity is cleaner and better for the environment, it is usually not

so powerful. This is partly why UTV is used for natural gas. The new electric UTV began to become quite popular.


    Compared with gasoline UTV, they are quiet, which helps

to make them more attractive to those who spend a lot of time on their vehicles. The noise of gasoline UTV cars can start to

wear you a little. This is what makes electric models more popular.


    Whether you want gas or electricity will depend on how much you expect from your UTV or cart Trailer. Electric golf cart

is more suitable for people who play a round of golf. Their mobility, speed and functionality enable golfers on the golf

course. The natural gas-driven UTV was not built on the same idea. The way you choose to use your car will determine whether

gas or electric is more suitable for you. If you buy a UTV for power and stability, it is best to go with the gas version.


   



    Human driven sightseeing buses have had a good 100-year run.

Throughout this period the urban consumer product has not changed – a city bus tour you took 100 years ago is pretty much

the same as a bus tour you can take today. All the digital innovations and changes we have brought to market over recent

years have been about retail and distribution, plus some ticket redemption adjustments. Nothing with the product experience

itself (adding Wifi doesn’t count!).

The Best iPhone Cases From Apple To Casetify, Mous To Pipetto

    The new Apple iPhone 12 is a gorgeous smartphone. So, you’ll want to keep it that way, with a decent case—read on for a

round-up of the very best Apple iPhone 12 kevlar cases you can buy

right now.


    When it comes to phone cases, what’s your favorite style? Folio? Sleeve? Back protector? Or something so slim and smooth

you think there’s nothing there at all. Do you like something bright and solid, or something light but strong and ultra-

protective? How hard are they to slide on and off if you fancy a change? Do they protect the display as well as the back? How

sumptuous do they feel in your hand and how much do they weigh your new iPhone down? Whatever kind of case you prefer,

you’ll find them all here. I’ve been testing iPhone 13 new case

s for looks, fit, effectiveness and design appeal.


    Also, there is a new element to cases this year: MagSafe. The name may be familiar from the cool way power cables

connected to previous Mac laptops, but it’s now revived as a wireless charging pad. If you’ve ever used a wireless charging

pad you’ll know that if you put the phone down in the wrong place last thing at night, you’ll wake to find the phone didn’

t charge. MagSafe clamps the iPhone in place magnetically so that danger is gone. But MagSafe has other benefits, too: it

tells your iPhone what you’re connecting to it and it holds an iPhone 8~xsmax

case in place magnetically, so it’s much easier to slip the case on and off.


    The iPhone 12 is amazingly good value, but it’s still not a cheap purchase. So, you’ll want to protect it. Even though

the arrival of Ceramic Shield means the front glass is intensely more durable and resistant to being dropped, you may feel it

’s not worth taking any chances. Here are the very best cases offering extra protection (and, therefore, extra peace of

mind).


   



    A suitable Apple Smartwatch is very precious. Not only because of its impressive features, but also because of its

unparalleled style and luxurious price tag. More importantly, Apple Watch is a one-time investment for many people, which is

why ensuring its safety is the top priority. Much like the iPhone, Apple Watch also has countless protective cases, from

subtle to statement, you can have everything. Apple Watch case can

protect your investment and protect you from panic attacks every time something hits your precious smartwatch. Therefore, if

you want to be able to continue to wear your Apple Watch without worrying about damage, you can consider buying a sturdy

smartwatch case.


   



    If you are entrenched in the Apple ecosystem and love listening to music with great over-ear headphones, the AirPods Max

is probably for you. However, they come with a case that resembles, shall we say, some undergarments. A good

Airpods pro&max case is needed if you want to protect your headphones

and don't like the case that was shipped with them. Let's explore the best AirPods Max cases on the market today.


   



    Cigars are hand-rolled fermented tobacco. Compared with ordinary cigarettes, they have less nicotine content, less than

2%. Pure natural tobacco, which contains no chemical substances, has little harm to human body and is welcomed by business

people. In many Western movies, we can see such a plot, the protagonist takes out a cigar from a well-decorated cigar box and

ignites it to smoke. Cigar boxes were first made of high-quality wood. They can also be made of plastics, ox bones, carbon

fibers and other materials.


    Cigars are like alcoholic drinks. They do not fade away with time, but become stronger and stronger. A common cigar can

be stored in a suitable environment for more than ten or twenty years, and its price can be doubled several times. The most

suitable conditions for preserving cigars are temperature 18 degrees and humidity 70 degrees. Cigar boxes can isolate cigars

from the outside world and keep them in their best condition. Top-grade wooden cigar boxes are made of cigar or mahogany,

walnut and rosewood, which are exquisite in shape and expensive in price. Carbon fiber cigar boxes were invented relatively late, and only recently began to rise. They are light in weight,

small in size, easy to carry with you, and will not have the problem of moist and moth-like wood. Its shape is streamlined

and can closely fit the cigar inside, saving space to the greatest extent.


   



    If you want to buy a new or used CNC router, you want the machine to solve your manufacturing challenges. We provide

manufacturers of all sizes with cutting-edge technology from all woodworking technologies from world market leaders. We offer

superior wood CNC processing technology and equipment for the highly

efficient production of furniture, interior fittings, construction elements, and millwork, for panel processing, plastics and

solid wood processing.

What are Defoamers?

    Defoamers are chemical additives that reduce and/or prevent the formation

of foam in industrial process liquids such as paints, inks, adhesives and even construction products. The terms antifoam

agent and defoamer are often used interchangeably, however, antifoam agents more accurately refer to materials that inhibit

the generation and formation of bubbles. Dependent upon the application and performance requirements, they consist of

polydimethylsiloxanes and other silicones, insoluble oils, stearates and glycols, as well as inorganics, such as silicates

and talc.


   



    What is Foam?


    Foam is a coarse dispersion of a gas in a liquid, where the volume fraction of gas is greater than that of the liquid.

The bubbles will migrate to the surface, as their density is less than that of the liquid. As the bubbles coalesce and

collect at the air/surface interface, the bubble walls thin and break. Silicone defoamers accelerate the process and break the smaller bubbles as well. Generally, a defoamer is

insoluble in the foaming medium and has surface-active properties. An essential feature of a

polyether defoamer is the ability to spread rapidly on

foamy surfaces.


    In industrial processes, foams pose serious problems. They cause defects on surface coatings. They prevent the efficient

filling of containers. Some of the sources of foam formation include:


   
       
            Inclusion of air through agitation during production, filling, mixing of two-pack systems (often high-viscosity

(epoxies, adhesives);
       
   
   
       
            Air inclusion on the pigment surface, resulting in poor wetting of pigments;
       
   
   
       
            Application: roller, spraying, brushing;
       
   
   
       
            Filtration through a sieve or anything with air on the surface;
       
   
   
       
            Generation/liberation of gases during chemical curing processes; e.g. polyisocyanates;
       
   
   
       
            Introduction of air through substrate wetting (wood coatings, other highly porous substrates).
       
   


   



    In the papermaking process, fibers, fillers and some additives are not water-insoluble, so they are easy to accumulate in

an aqueous solution. Moreover between the different materials as far as possible from the incompatibility away, so it is

difficult to get uniform performance and ideal strengthen paper. In order to solve the long fiber in the process of this

problem, the use of polyacrylamide has the following advantages:


   
       
            to improve the retention rate of fillers, pigments and so on. To reduce the loss of raw materials and

environmental pollution.
       
   
   
       
            to improve the strength of the paper (including dry and wet strength).
       
   
   
       
            to improve the tear resistance and porosity to improve visual and printing performance.
       
   


    The advantages of using polyacrylamide as a paper dispersant are also manifested in the fact that the product is soluble

in water and forms a high viscosity liquid which promotes good dispersion of papermaking fibers and excellent paper forming

effect at low added levels to improve pulp consistency And the softness of the paper, but also to improve the strength of the

paper performance.


   



    Adipic acid is one of the most commercially important aliphatic

dicarboxylic acids. It is produced on a large scale primarily to supply the nylon 6,6 production chain. Other applications

include the manufacture of coatings, synthetic lubricants, fibers, plastics, plasticizers and polyurethane resins. Adipic

acid production has been predominantly based on cyclohexane and, to a lesser extent, phenol. Shifts in the hydrocarbon market

and growing environmental concerns have resulted in the development of alternative production routes for adipic acid from

renewable resources, such as sugar and fatty acids.


   



    Epoxy propanol (EP), also known as glycidol, is an organic compound used in the manufacture of a range of products, such

as detergents, industrial paints and coatings, and healthcare products. It is primarily manufactured in Japan and, to a much

lesser degree, in the United States. Traditionally, EP is produced by one of two methods: epoxidation of allyl alcohol with

hydrogen peroxide, or the reaction of epichlorohydrin with a caustic

agent. However, allyl alcohol is extremely toxic and epichlorohydrin is made from hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as propylene.

Both methods generate toxic by-products, such as hydrochloric acid, requiring costly purification processes to prevent the

acid residues from entering the environment.

UNDERSTANDING ULTRAVIOLET LED APPLICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

    Ultraviolet light occurs between the visible and x-ray spectrums. The Ultraviolet wavelength range is specified as 10 nm

to 400 nm; however, many optoelectronic companies also consider wavelengths as high as 430nm to be in the UV range.

Ultraviolet light gets its name due to the violet color it produces in the visible portion of the spectrum although much of

the output of UV light is not visible to the human eye.


   



    UV LEDs have seen tremendous growth over the past several years. This is

not only the result of technological advances in the manufacturing of solid state UV devices, but the ever increasing demand

for environmentally friendly methods of producing UV light which is currently dominated by mercury lamps. The current

offering of  UV LED modules in the optoelectronics market consists

of product ranging from approximately 265nm – 420nm with a variety of package styles including through-hole, surface mount

and COB (Chip-On-Board). There are many unique applications for UV LED emitters; however, each is greatly dependent on

wavelength and output power. In general, UV light for LEDs can be broken down into 3 general areas. 


   



    The upper UVA type devices have been available since the late 1990s. These LEDs have been traditionally used in

applications such as counterfeit detection or validation (Currency, Driver’s license, Documents etc) and Forensics (Crime

scene investigations) to name a few. The power output requirements for these applications are very low and the actual

wavelengths used are in the 390nm – 420nm range. Lower wavelengths were not available at that time for production use. As a

result of their longevity in the market and the ease of manufacturing, these type LEDs are readily available from a variety

of sources and the least expensive of all UV product. The middle UVA LED

component area has seen the greatest growth over the past several years. The majority of applications in this

wavelength range (approximately 350nm – 390nm) are for UV curing of both commercial and industrial materials such as

adhesives, coatings and inks. LEDs offer significant advantages over traditional curing technologies such as mercury or

fluorescent due to increased efficiency, lower cost of ownership and system miniaturization. The trend to utilizing LEDs for

curing is increasing as the supply chain is continually pushing to adopt LED technology. Although the costs of this

wavelength range is significantly greater than the upper UVA

LED module area, rapid advances in manufacturing as well as increasing volumes are steadily driving down prices.


   



    The lower UVA and upper UVB ranges (approximately 300nm – 350nm) are the most recent introduction to the market place.

These devices offer the potential to be used in a variety of applications including UV curing, biomedical, DNA analysis and

various types of sensing. There is significant overlap in all 3 of the UV spectral ranges; therefore, one must consider not

only what is best for the application, but also what is the most cost-effective solution, since the lower in wavelength,

typically the higher the LED cost. The lower UVB LED and upper UVC

ranges (approximately 250nm – 300nm) is an area that is still very much in its infancy, however, there is great enthusiasm

and demand for this product in air and water purification systems. There are currently only a handful of companies that are

capable of manufacturing UV LEDs in this wavelength range and even a smaller amount that are producing product with

sufficient lifetime, reliability and performance characteristics. 


   



    As a result, the costs of devices in the UVC/B range are still very high and can be cost prohibitive in some

applications. The introduction of the first commercial UVC LED based

disinfection system in 2012 has helped to move the market forward to where many companies are now seriously pursing LED based

products. Precautions A common question regarding ultraviolet LEDs is: Do they pose any safety risks? As described

above, there are different levels of UV light. One of the most commonly used and familiar sources for producing UV output is

the black light bulb. This product has been used for decades to produce a glowing or fluorescence affect on specific types of

posters as well as for other applications such as the authentication of paintings and currency.

COPPER CABLE LUGS FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

    A well known problem for every electrician or cable jointer is trying to insert a stranded or fine stranded conductor

into the cable lug connector or cable splice and some wires

cannot be inserted. To avoid this problem renowned manufacturers offer specialist application connectors and cable lugs for

the jointing and termination of LV MV HV cables.


   




    CABLE LUGS, STRANDINGS  CONDUCTORS


    With these specialist application cable lugs all types of cables can be used – the design and construction of the

copper tubular lugs to be selected is

determined by the cable stranding and conductor type. The cable conductor characteristics of cable types are as classified in

the DIN Standard 57295.


   



    CABLE LUGS FOR FINE  VERY FINE STRANDED CONDUCTORS


    The above mentioned problem of spliced cables per Class 5 and Class 6 according to DIN 57295 is being avoided when using

Klauke “F” type series cable lugs. These lugs are designed for processing larger cross section conductors in voltage

applications up to the short circuit tested rating of the cable lug.


    Compared with standard tubular cable lugs the F type lugs have a larger tube diameter – the cable lugs have a flared

entry which eases cable location into the barrel of the lug. F-type cable lugs and butt connectors conform to the normative

requirements of the EN 13600 standard and are manufactured from electrolytic copper for excellent conductivity.


    For processing and crimping solid conductors (Class 1 DIN VDE 57295) the use of tubular cable lugs E-type is recommended

which are also manufactured from electrolytic tin plated copper. Their tube diameter is matched to the conductor size to

guarantee a professional cable crimp.



   



    Especially for adverse environments and for crimping copper conductors stainless steel and nickel tubular cable lugs have

been designed. Aluminum lugs are particularly

acid and corrosion resistant and are typically used in chemical industries in areas exposed to sea water i.e. the earthing of

masts on sailing yachts.



    An additional benefit of these cable lugs is the temperature resistance. Consequently these lugs can be used in ambient

temperatures up to 400°C.


    At higher temperatures of up to 650°C – common in the construction of furnaces – nickel cable lugs represent the best

solution. Both stainless steel and nickel cable lugs can be used for all common cable types.


   
We offer electrical solutions to our customers. Solutions come from finding what works best for you. By carrying a range of

insulation types, we offer you the chance to build a custom solution. Sure, we could only carry nylon

insulated terminals and nothing else, but maybe you need

vinyl. Maybe you need heat shrink. The point is that by offering you choice, we’re not locking you into a single set of

products. We’re giving you the freedom to make an educated decision based on your particular needs. If you have any

questions about terminals, insulation types, or any other of our products, contact us today.


   



    High-strength composite cable joint clamps are just as

strong as metal clamps, offer significant weight and installation time savings, and exceed expectations when sourced from a

trusted supplier. To identify the best composite cable clamps for harsh-environment and military applications, evaluate the

options in terms of these five key characteristics: performance, weight, ease of use, durability, and reliability.

Plating

    There s no such thing as alchemy—magically changing common chemical elements into rare and valuable ones—but water

plating is possibly the next best thing. The idea is to use electricity to coat a relatively mundane metal, such as copper,

with a thin layer of another, more precious metal, such as gold or silver. Water plating has lots of other uses, besides

making cheap metals look expensive. We can use it to make things rust-resistant, for example, to produce a variety of useful

alloys like brass and bronze, and even to make plastic look like metal. How does this amazing process work? Let s take a

closer look!


   



    Plastic water plating involves passing an electric current

through a solution called an electrolyte. This is done by dipping two terminals called electrodes into the electrolyte and

connecting them into a circuit with a battery or other power supply. The electrodes and electrolyte are made from carefully

chosen elements or compounds. When the electricity flows through the circuit they make, the electrolyte splits up and some of

the metal atoms it contains are deposited in a thin layer on top of one of the electrodes—it becomes electroplated. All

kinds of metals can be plated in this way, including gold, silver, tin, zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel, platinum,

and lead.


    Water plating is very similar to electrolysis (using electricity to split up a chemical solution), which is the reverse

of the process by which batteries produce electric currents. All these things are examples of electrochemistry: chemical

reactions caused by or producing electricity that give scientifically or industrially useful

plastic water plating products.


   



    How does water plating work?


    First, you have to choose the right electrodes and electrolyte by figuring out the chemical reaction or reactions you

want to happen when the electric current is switched on. The metal atoms that plate your object come from out of the

electrolyte, so if you want to copper plate something you need an electrolyte made from a solution of a copper salt, while

for gold plating you need a gold-based electrolyte—and so on.


    Next, you have to ensure the electronic products shell plastic water plating you want to plate is completely clean. Otherwise, when

metal atoms from the electrolyte are deposited onto it, they won t form a good bond and they may simply rub off again.

Generally, cleaning is done by dipping the electrode into a strong acid or alkaline solution or by (briefly) connecting the

Water plating circuit in reverse. If the electrode is really clean, atoms from the two-color material plating bond to it effectively by joining very strongly onto the outside

edges of its crystalline structure.


   



    Now we re ready for the main part of

two-color material twice molding water plating. We need two electrodes made from different conducting materials, an

electrolyte, and an electricity supply. Generally, one of the electrodes is made from the metal we re trying to plate and the

electrolyte is a solution of a salt of the same metal. So, for example, if we re copper plating some brass, we need a copper

electrode, a brass electrode, and a solution of a copper-based compound such as copper sulfate solution. Metals such as gold

and silver don t easily dissolve so have to be made into solutions using strong and dangerously unpleasant cyanide-based

chemicals. The electrode that will be plated is generally made from a cheaper metal or a nonmetal coated with a conducting

material such as graphite. Either way, it has to conduct electricity or no electric current will flow and no plating will

occur.


   



    How are plastics electroplated?


    If you know anything about plastic, you ll spot the obvious problem straightaway:

plastic product molding generally don t conduct electricity.

In theory, that should completely rule out electroplating; in practice, it simply means we have to give our plastic an extra

treatment to make it electrically conducting before we start. There are several different steps involved. First, the

plastic surface treatment has to be scrupulously cleaned to

remove things like dust, dirt, grease, and surface marks. Next, it s etched with acid and treated with a catalyst (a chemical

reaction accelerator) to make sure that a coating will stick to its surface. Then it s dipped in a bath of copper or nickel

(copper is more common) to give it a very thin coating of electrically conducting metal (less than a micron, 1μm, or one

thousandth of a millimeter thick). Once that s done, it can be electroplated just like a metal. Depending on how much wear

and tear the plated part has to withstand, the coating can be anything from about 10–30 microns thick.