Screwed Gamers Homepage

Welcome, Guest
You have to register before you can post on our site.

Username/Email:
  

Password
  





Search Forums

(Advanced Search)

Forum Statistics
» Members: 294
» Latest member: Hormone expert
» Forum threads: 683
» Forum posts: 1,946

Full Statistics

Online Users
There are currently 140 online users.
» 0 Member(s) | 139 Guest(s)
Google

Latest Threads
Быстрые кредиты онлайн на...
Forum: Off Topic
Last Post: axied12
03-25-2024, 01:16 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 19
binebi dgiurad batumshi
Forum: Off Topic
Last Post: axied12
02-12-2024, 09:21 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 250
Sustainability training
Forum: Off Topic
Last Post: axied12
02-01-2024, 09:23 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 269
Reparatii Laptop
Forum: Off Topic
Last Post: axied12
01-25-2024, 11:29 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 273
Biblical meaning
Forum: Welcomes and Introductions
Last Post: axied12
08-23-2023, 10:44 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 1,014
Creed perfume samples
Forum: Welcomes and Introductions
Last Post: axied12
07-18-2023, 12:57 PM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 807
The Track Day Mini Games
Forum: Social Nights and One-off Events
Last Post: Woebegone6
12-28-2022, 08:49 AM
» Replies: 1
» Views: 8,561
Selecting pipe and piping...
Forum: FPS and Shooters
Last Post: f244G
10-09-2021, 06:20 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 2,518
PVC vs. Thermoplastic Rub...
Forum: FPS and Shooters
Last Post: D133H
10-08-2021, 08:15 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 1,873
Absolute Bathroom Necessi...
Forum: FPS and Shooters
Last Post: D133H
10-08-2021, 08:12 AM
» Replies: 0
» Views: 1,819

 
  New RO modules from Hydranautics
Posted by: Y454AAA - 09-09-2021, 08:22 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

New RO modules from Hydranautics

    We are one of the global leaders in the field of integrated membrane solutions, providing complete membrane solutions for

water, wastewater and process treatment and applications, such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and

microfiltration. Our membrane-based solutions are currently used in various applications on seven continents around the

world, such as seawater desalination, industrial high-purity water, surface water treatment, wastewater treatment, special

process applications, etc.


    Residential membranes are manufactured using advanced RO membrane

technology. These membranes are available in five variants, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 500 gallons per day (GPD). These membranes

can repel salt and other minerals while reducing the flow problems normally associated with membranes.


   



    Hydranautics is a worldwide supplier of separation membrane technology with a comprehensive list of top-performing

filtration products for various industries. Applications of Hydranautics RO membrane include boiler feedwater treatment, wastewater treatment, seawater desalination,

surface water treatment, drinking water purification, agricultural water treatment, and pharmaceutical water purification.


    Hydranautic membrane products are designed with the goal of delivering unmatched quality in terms of product and

technical mastery. They are depended upon by several large manufacturing sites throughout the world in countries such as USA,

China, Canada, Japan, Mexico, etc.


   



    Proponents of water filters say the water is cleaner and healthier, with impurities removed and minerals added.

Replace water filter and alkaline water companies also

advertise a laundry list of claims, from improved gastrointestinal health to detoxification and even cancer prevention.


   



    Water filter housings are casings around your filter

cartridge that directs the flow of water. In this article, we will take a look at some of the most frequently asked questions

about our water filter housings.


    They come in a wide range of types. Mainly water filter housings are of two types. However, there can be subcategories

based on size, material, and purpose.


    RO membrane housings will filter your

water right where you use it. For example, an individual tap or faucet. So the systems cover filters under the sink, filters

attached to your faucets, or filtration pitchers. The housings for POU water systems serve this purpose


    Water filter clear housings, especially

whole housing systems, offer a versatile large capacity filtration. Since they are geared towards high flow, they can remove

heavy sediments easily. By installing large water filter housings, you can reduce the number of vessels needed for high-flow

applications. It can also withstand variations in water pressure. The large cartridge capacity will be very helpful for you.


   



    Reverse Osmosis works by using a high pressure RO pump to increase the

pressure on the salt side of the RO and force the water across the semi-permeable RO membrane, leaving almost all (around 95%

to 99%) of dissolved salts behind in the reject stream. The amount of pressure required depends on the salt concentration of

the feed water. The more concentrated the feed water, the more pressure is required to overcome the osmotic pressure.

Print this item

  SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING IN THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY: THE PROS & CONS OF PLASTIC.
Posted by: Y454AAA - 09-09-2021, 08:20 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING IN THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY: THE PROS & CONS OF PLASTIC.

    Plastic is one of the most polarizing topics in sustainability today, and each year continues to reveal more about its

place in the beauty industry. Sustainability is a constantly evolving conversation and the rate at which

cosmetic plastic bottle is produced, used and disposed of has

long outpaced the research, technology and innovation needed to understand the consequences of our actions, making it quite

challenging to gather data that’s specific to cosmetics. Yet, we do know that the volume of plastic which can accumulate

during the process of making a single product is sometimes staggering - if you make cosmetics products for-profit and are

looking to grow, hardly any brand is exempt from the presence of plastic.


   



    In a roadmap for sustainability released by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2018, the executive summary

reads: The benefits of plastic are undeniable. The material is cheap, lightweight and easy to make. These qualities have led

to a boom in the production of plastic over the past century since the 1950s. We are already unable to cope with the amount

of plastic waste we generate unless we rethink the way we manufacture, use and manage plastics. Ultimately, tackling one of

the biggest challenges of our time will require governments to regulate, businesses to innovate and individuals to act.


   



    Let’s admit that plastic has gathered a bad reputation - you might even say it’s been demonized in some cases. To be

clear, there is no denying that waste is a problem, but to blanket shame plastic without context is to miss an opportunity

for a closer look. If you want to dive deeper into all the factors that contribute to plastic waste, take a look at this

hugely informative and fascinating collaboration from Oxford University and the Global Change Data Lab:


    Particularly in 2020, single-use consumption of plastics across multiple industries has seen a massive increase due to

essential sanitary and safety precautions needed to manage the spread of COVID-19. It’s important to note that single-use

plastic lotion bottle is a cornerstone

of essential hygiene measures within the medical industry from masks, gloves, gowns and medical instruments. We doubt that we

will comprehend the waste consequences of single use plastic throughout 2020 for sometime to come.


   



    As a beauty brand this is undeniably a charged conversation to have, as plastic is dotted across our packaging chain and

understanding the trade-offs is key. From health effects, to degradation, to ecosystems impact, plastic could easily be a

whole PhD dissertation, and it is challenging to limit our focus when this material is a global common denominator of modern

consumption. We are attempting to share a simplified perspective on the presence of plastics within the cosmetics industry to

better understand the benefits and pitfalls of this material.


   



    We are interested in the life cycle of plastic packaging in cosmetics - more specifically, the contrast between the

production of plastic, versus the use of plastic, versus the end-of-life for plastic. As PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) is

the most commonly used plastic in cosmetic packaging and for Josh Rosebrook products, we will be focusing on this material to

exemplify the pros and cons of plastic packaging.


   



    Specializing in life cycle assessment (LCA) and solid waste management, a US independent consulting firm, Franklin

Associates, has conducted multiple research studies on PET across various industries. In a 2009 study on the comparison of

beverage containers (very similar to cosmetic containers), Franklin Associates found that the production of a PET bottle was

far more energy efficient when compared to the production of an aluminum can and glass bottle, respectively. The amount of

energy it took to create a PET bottle was 11 million BTU, vs. 16 million BTU for the aluminium can and 26.6 BTU for the glass

bottle. The CO2 equivalent (think greenhouse gas emissions) was 1,125 for the PET bottle, 2,766 for the aluminum can, and

4,848 for the cosmetic glass bottle. When ranking material

production in relation to energy efficiency, plastic is second right after wood, and aluminum and glass are last. There is

conflicting evidence regarding how the world’s oil production contributes to the manufacturing of plastic.


   



    A large majority of finished cosmetic products housed in plastic are multi-use: they are not disposed of after a single

use and the amount of times they are used according to function can range into several hundred uses. Depending on the size

and type, the product could also be kept in use for several weeks to multiple months. It is interesting to note that to bring

a cosmetic product to market, the formula has to undergo a packaging compatibility test - depending on the ingredients and

the function of the product, plastic might be a necessity to safely protect the formula over time and ensure a safe customer

experience. For example, glass liquid bottle

s intended for use in the shower could be troublesome to manage safely.


   



    With the growing importance of appearance for both men and women, there is a huge demand for cosmetics in today’s

market. However, a manufacturer of specialty cosmetics needs to be able to make an impression on the consumer and ensure that

they try the wonderful product first. Additionally, consumers now look for more than a terrific cosmetic, they want it at a

lower price, and are also eco-conscious. Using tube packaging for specialty cosmetics meets multiple requirements of

manufacturers.


    Consumers prefer the convenience that cosmetic tube packaging

provides.  While cosmetic squeeze tubes were

originally used for food products such as jams, jellies, ad mayonnaise, they are now being used by cosmetics manufacturers.

Consumers love the convenience of tube packaging that comes with a variety of heads that makes dispensing cosmetics much

easier. Consumers can easily dispense the right amount of cosmetics they need, reducing wasted products.


   



    We offer glass and cosmetic parts for glass bottle

s, informing you of what format or material is most recommended in each case.


    Glass bottles for oils and vinegar respond to particular characteristics in shape, color and height that can contribute

to creating brand branding alone. In a company, an exclusive design is a guarantee of sales.


    Glass bottles for oils preserve and protect the properties of the oil in order not to spoil its natural conditions,

taking into account that many factors increase the process of oxidation and oil thickening.


    Those skilled in the art recommend glass bottles for opaque oils to protect liquid gold from light, although transparent

glass bottles sell the product better. Ultraviolet rays should be prevented from damaging the oil by protecting the bottle in

cardboard containers.

Print this item

  Are Electric Scooters the Future? How Do They Actually Work?
Posted by: Y454AAA - 09-09-2021, 08:19 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

Are Electric Scooters the Future? How Do They Actually Work?

    If you’re a particular age, then you might have memories of riding a scooter. Those flimsy, two-wheeled scooters that

gave you freedom on the sidewalk in front of your house before your acquisition of a bike opened up the whole neighborhood.


    Until recently, that image of a scooter as a nothing more than a child’s toy was the one most people carried. Now,

several companies, such as Bird, LimeBike, and Spin, are out to change that perception. They are banking big on the idea that

the small, compact electric riding scooters is a viable

personal transportation device. But is it? Let’s take a look at where e-scooters are at today, from their fundamental appeal

to how they work to their practicality beyond ordinary weekend fun.


   



    The Rise of the Electric Scooter


    Although manual and electric kick- or push-start scooters have both been around for some time, the popularity of the

latter has risen steadily over the past two decades.


    Perhaps the central development in the design and marketing of today’s dual motor electric scooter is children are no longer the primary audience.


    Make no mistake, the targets are still young. They just happen to have a different set of priorities.


    College students on campus.


    Young professionals who live and work in urban environments.


    People looking for alternative means of transportation in those same cities.


    Each of these groups offer a market segment that tends to eschew the norms and traditions of the past. Zipping around

town on a low-speed, zero-emission scooter certainly caters to those demanding alternatives.


    With a unifying factor that everyone over a certain age will probably look a little goofy riding one, it’s easy to see

the appeal. It also doesn’t hurt that

foldable electric scooter
s come across as simple and easily accessible devices that are even easier to operate.


   


    How Do Electric Scooters Work?


    E-scooters, much

like their non-powered siblings are about as straightforward as it gets when it comes to personal transportation devices.


    In their simplest form scooters are composed of a narrow platform or deck,  t-stem handlebars with a throttle and hand

brakes, two wheels (although some models come with three or four), and front and rear suspension. Most scooters are fold-

able, and some models also include a seat.


    When it comes to variation, harley electric scooters are

what they are. Alter the design too much, and they become an entirely different form of transportation. However, they do

possess a few key areas where a slight difference makes a significant impact on performance.


   



    As with most personal e-vehicles, such as hoverboards, self-balancing unicycles, and Segways, the individual riding the

device most often determines just how safe it is. However, staying upright on a scooter is less fraught with danger versus

those other options.


    The primary safety issue with scooters is when you place them among large groups of pedestrians and cars, which is

happening now in a number of major cities across the U.S.


    This intermingling of people on foot and those scooting by at a top speed of 15 mph has created an uptick in accidents

between the two, though reliable data does not yet exist on the exact numbers.


    Beyond possible run-ins with non-riders, another primary safety concern revolves around the attire of the actual riders.

Though every off road electric

scooter
manufacturer and ride-sharing company recommend the use of a helmet, and many cities dictate the wearing of

headgear, very few e-scooter riders do so.

Print this item

  Compact Wheel Loader Design Competes with Skid-steer Dominance
Posted by: Y454AAA - 09-09-2021, 08:18 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

Compact Wheel Loader Design Competes with Skid-steer Dominance

    Compact wheel loaders generally lag behind skid

steer loaders, even though compact wheel loaders are more productive in certain applications. Compact wheel loaders can be a

good complement or substitute for skid steer loaders. Benefits include

excellent visibility, improved tire wear and fuel economy, driving speed and overall operator comfort. There are also some

disadvantages that need to be considered, such as the height of the cab, operating weight and transport capacity. The

versatility of the wheel loader is very important.


   



    The definition of a compact wheel loader varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, but machines with less than 125

horsepower usually fall into this category. The real difference between these loaders and their main competitors skid steer

and compact track loaders is the higher rated working load capacity, significantly higher travel speeds, superior lift and

reach distances, longer wheelbases and more High fuel efficiency.


   



    Due to the characteristics of steering machinery, compact articulated medium wheel loaders work well on hard surfaces because of low tire wear. Compared with similar slip

diverters, they also burn less fuel. Between tires and fuel, your end result is reduced daily operating costs.


   



    Visibility on the job site is a safety advantage. From the operator station of the large wheel loader, your field of view is much less than any skid steering system claims.

Speed is also an important advantage when working on a site with a large number of ground shots. When comparing compact wheel

loaders, there are many configurations and options that can really distinguish performance. Investigate all options before

making a choice.


   



    The modern backhoe-loader traces its lineage to a hydraulic digging attachment developed in the late 1940s. Lee Horton

and Dave Willens, co-authors of Wain-Roy and the Invention of the Backhoe conducted extensive research into the

history of this machine and the associated patents. Look for future designs to provide more car-style functions. With the

popularity of backhoe loaders among owners/operators and the platform

most similar to the trucks these people travel to and from the site every day, you will continue to see the impact of cars on

the cabs and controls of these machines. This includes everything from seat and fabric options to the inclusion of Bluetooth

radios and related functions, as well as a constant focus on visibility and site awareness.


   



    Excavators can be divided into many types, such as crawler excavator

, wheeled excavator and towed and rail excavator, etc. But they all consist of a boom, dipper, bucket and cab. The

crawler excavator is a tracked vehicle that moves upon crawler tracks. In contrast, the wheel excavator is moved upon wheels. They both can be used in many working conditions, such as the digging

of the trenches, holes; material handling, forestry work, demolition.


   



    Powered industrial trucks, more commonly known as forklifts trucks,

are the worker bees in many manufacturing and warehousing operations. Although primarily used to move materials, they also

can be used to raise, lower or remove large objects or a number of smaller objects on pallets or in boxes, crates or other

containers. In other words, they do the heavy lifting for us.


    Powered industrial trucks can either be ridden by the operator or controlled by a walking operator, and there are many

types of powered industrial trucks. Each type presents different operating hazards. For example, a sit-down, counterbalanced

high-lift rider truck is more likely than a motorized hand truck to be involved in a falling load accident because the sit-

down rider truck can lift a load much higher than a hand truck.

Print this item

  TYPES OF ELASTIC AND WHEN TO USE THEM
Posted by: Y454AAA - 09-09-2021, 08:15 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

TYPES OF ELASTIC AND WHEN TO USE THEM

    Hey y’all, in keeping with this month’s theme of what’s underneath? today we’re going to talk about types of elastic.

Being confronted with a wall of elastic or hundreds of online choices can be intimidating for a beginner, so today’s post is

meant to demystify those choices.


   




    Types of Elastic


    There are three basic types of elastic: braided, woven and knitted. These refer to how the yarns are put together, and

the different methods of construction give the resulting elastics different properties.


   



    Braided Elastic


    Elastic braided tape has lengthwise, parallel ridges. Those

ridges make this elastic have more grip but they also mean that braided elastic tends to narrow as it is stretched. Braided

elastic also rolls more easily than woven or knitted elastics, and tends to lose stretch if it is sewn through. For this

reason braided elastic rope is typically recommended for use in casings,

not for sewing directly to fabric. But in some casings (like waists) braided elastic isn’t the best choice because of its

tendency toward rolling. It’s better in sleeves, necklines, or other areas where rolling isn’t a big issue.


   



    Knitted Elastic


    Knitted elastic tape is made by knitting the fibers together.

Knitted elastic tends to be softer than braided or woven elastic, and it retains its width when stretched. It also works well

even when pierced by needles, so it’s a good choice for sew on applications. It rolls more than woven elastic, but less than

braided elastic. Since this elastic is softer, it’s suitable for light to midweight fabrics, but doesn’t have the grip

needed for heavier fabrics. With knit elastic, I may cut the elastic slightly shorter than the finished measurement in order

to have it grip properly, particularly when I use it for waistbands or bra bands.


   




    Woven Elastic


    Also referred to as non-roll elastic, woven elastic tape is

usually the firmest of the three basic elastic types. It retains width as it is stretched, and is suitable for sew on

applications as well as use in casings. Because it tends to be very firm, it is also suitable for heavier weight fabrics. I

generally don’t cut woven elastic with much negative ease, because it will pull too much. In other words, if I’m using it

in a waistband, I’ll cut the elastic to the body measurement where the waist hits, not any less.


   
The zipper is such a great invention no dressmaker can ever imagine what life in

the sewing room would be like without the zipper. Then of course the famous zipper needs a useful foot to ensure it sews up

perfectly. That’s where the zipper foot makes its entrance. If you are going to sew a zipper into your garment don’t

attempt this process without a zipper foot. The zipper foot enables the sewing

needle
to stitch close to the raised edge of the zipper. The gadget itself can be attached to the machine’s presser

foot shaft.  The zipper foot has the added advantage of being able to attach to the right or the left side of the presser

foot holder.  Use your zipper foot to insert piping as well as cording.


   



    There are two types of sewing pins. The most commonly used is the straight pin, also know as the hemming pin or basting

pin. The key facets of straight pins that differ and can help you choose

the type you need are length, thickness, and type of head and tip. The metal or finish of the straight pin is typically

brass, steel, nickel, or a combination thereof. The metal used with sewing pins determines whether the pins will stick to a

magnet - a plus for making sure there are none on the floor. Nickel plating is useful for steel pins as it helps the pin

stick to a magnet and prevents it from rusting.


   



    A crochet hook is the basic tool you'll need to get started on your

journey as you learn to crochet. Made from metal, plastic or wood with a small hook at one end, crochet hooks are used to

turn a lovely skein of yarn into cosy jumpers, snuggly blankets and beautiful home accessories. All crochet hooks have

similar basic features, in the same way knitting needles do, but different brands may modify them slightly for extra comfort

or a more eye-catching design.

Print this item

  What is microfiber leather?
Posted by: ttois155ssa - 09-08-2021, 01:45 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

How to Identify the quality of microfiber leather
1. Check the surface grains. The texture of high quality microfiber is more clear and the surface layer feels really like genuine leather. However, the poor quality microfiber leather texture is rough and with strong sense of plastics.

2. Handfeeling. High quality microfiber has a good feel and the elasticity, comfort are also very high.

3. Check the crease. Folding the different microfiber leathers, and then check and compare the the crease, also check if the crease can disappear soon or not when the recovery. The smaller crease, the faster disappearance, means the better performance of surface PU attached microfiber base. This is an important indicator for high quality microfiber.

4. Check the scratches. Scrape the surface of the microfiber with a hard object to see if it will leave scratches. The surface of the high quality microfiber is with outstanding scratch resistant.

5. Hydrolysis resistance. High quality microfiber is very resistant to hydrolysis. Of course, this is difficult to distinguish with the naked eye, but must ask clearly when the procurement.

6. Base fabric. Base fabric is a key component for microfiber leather and it is related to the overall performance of microfiber. A good base fabric means the performance of microfiber is more stable.

Microfiber leather or real leather?
1. Microfibrer leather is high-class synthetic leather which perfectly replicates features of real leather such as the handfeeling, breathability and moisture absorption etc.

2. The performance of microfiber including chemical and abrasion resistance, anti-crease, aging resistance etc are better than genuine leather.

3. Because the real leather is animal skin, so it has a strange smell. If the formaldehyde and heavy metals exceed the standards in the production process, usually the real leather would has a pungent odour. However, the microfiber is anti-odour.

4. Based on the quality distribution on natural hide, the amount of usable leather is about 60 to 80% only. However, the microfiber is not limited by this, it is produced in roll form, also the quality of microfiber is very stable.

Microfiber leather or PU leather?
1. The price difference. The general price range of ordinary PU microfiber leather in the market is lower than microfiber leather.

2. The performance of the surface layer is different. Although the surface layers of both microfiber and the ordinary PU are polyurethane resins, but the ordinary PU that has been popular for many years, so ordinary PU has much more colors and styles than the microfiber leather. On the other hand, generally speaking, the polyurethane resin of microfiber leather has stronger abrasion resistance, acid and alkali resistance, hydrolysis resistance than the ordinary PU, also the color fastness and texture are better than ordinary PU.

3. The base material is different. Ordinary PU is with knitted fabric or woven fabric or non-woven fabric as the base fabric, then coated with polyurethane resin. The microfiber leather is with a three-dimensional structure of microfiber nonwoven fabric as the base fabric, then coated with high-performance polyurethane resin.

4. Different performance. Microfiber leather is much better than ordinary PU in terms of abrasion resistance, moisture absorption, comfort and other performance indicators etc.

5. Market prospects. The competition of ordinary PU market is very fierce because of the excess capacity and low technical threshold. On the other hand, because of the high technical threshold and the limited capacity and high performance, the solvent free microfiber leather is increasingly recognized by consumers, so there is a large market for growth.

Print this item

  An Introduction to Textile Processing Auxiliaries
Posted by: ttois155ssa - 09-08-2021, 01:44 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

Although auxiliaries have been a key component of immersion dyeing processes for many years the precise mode of action of many auxiliaries has not been fully resolved. This part of the paper discusses the various types of auxiliary available and the nature of the assistance they provide in immersion dyeing processes, together with both environmental and financial aspects associated with their use, as well as a discussion of the relationship between liquor ratio and the use of auxiliaries in immersion dyeing.

The purpose of functional additives is to facilitate a textile process and/or increase its efficiency. They serve as sizing materials, lubricants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, agents accelerating or decelerating the dyeing rate, thickeners, binders, etc. often with considerable overlap in the functions and abilities of a specific chemical. Compounds used encompass many different chemical classes, some of which are affected by enzymes and thus can be regarded as substrates, and some of which remain unaffected. Owing to environment and economical concerns, pre-treatment auxiliaries are used as sparingly as possible.

Once the respective process is terminated they are to be removed completely from the treated material; however, traces could still be present and interfere negatively with subsequent processing steps.

Sizing compounds and lubricants are applied to yarns before fabric formation to protect the integrity of the yarns. While increasingly faster weaving processes demand more enduring sizes, acrylic-based compounds, natural sizes that can be decomposed are still on the market.

Such compounds comprise starch and starch derivatives, as well as soluble. Cellulose derivatives, with waxes often admixed.Desizing with amylases is one of the oldest enzymatic processes used in the textile industry. A comprehensive description of the process can be found in Uhlig (1998).

Starch has also been very useful as a thickener in printing pastes and as a component of adhesives. In printing processes, starches are applied to guarantee a defined design and to avoid spreading of the printing paste. In the paper industry, starches increase sheet strength and, as coatings, improve the writing and printing properties of high quality paper.

Dyeing and printing auxiliaries may be defined as substances that, when applied to a substrate provide color by a process that alters, at least temporarily, any crystal structure of the colored substances. Such substances with considerable coloring capacity are widely employed in the textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, plastics, photographic and paper industries. The dyes can adhere to compatible surfaces by solution, by forming covalent bond or complexes with salts or metals, by physical adsorption or by mechanical retention. Dyes are classified according to their application and chemical structure, and are composed of a group of atoms known as chromophores, responsible for the dye color. These chromophore-containing centers are based on diverse functional groups, such as azo, anthraquinone, methine, nitro, arilmethane, carbonyl and others. In addition, electrons withdrawing or donating substituents so as to generate or intensify the color of the chromophores are denominated as auxochromes. The most common auxochromes are amine, carboxyl, sulfonate and hydroxyl.

It is estimated that over 10,000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 7 x 105 tons of synthetic dyes are annually produced worldwide. Textile materials can be dyed using batch, continuous or semi-continuous processes. The kind of process used depends on many characteristics including type of material as such fiber, yarn, fabric, fabric construction and garment, as also the generic type of fiber, size of dye lots and quality requirements in the dyed fabric. Among these processes, the batch process is the most common method used to dye textile materials.

In the textile industry, up to 200,000 tons of these dyes are lost to effluents every year during the dyeing and finishing operations, due to the inefficiency of the dyeing process. Unfortunately, most of these dyes escape conventional wastewater treatment processes and persist in the environment as a result of their high stability to light, temperature, water, detergents, chemicals, soap and other parameters such as bleach and perspiration. In addition, anti-microbial agents resistant to biological degradation are frequently used in the manufacture of textiles, particularly for natural fibers such as cotton. The synthetic origin and complex aromatic structure of these agents make them more recalcitrant to biodegradation. However, environmental legislation obliges industries to eliminate color from their dye-containing effluents, before disposal into water bodies.

The textile industry consumes a substantial amount of water in its manufacturing processes used mainly in the dyeing and finishing operations of the plants. The wastewater from textile plants is classified as the most polluting of all the industrial sectors, considering the volume generated as well as the effluent composition. In addition, the increased demand for textile products and the proportional increase in their production, and the use of synthetic dyes have together contributed to dye wastewater becoming one of the substantial sources of severe pollution problems in current times.

Textile wastewaters are characterized by extreme fluctuations in many parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), pH, color and salinity. The composition of the wastewater will depend on the different organic-based compounds, chemicals and dyes used in the dry and wet-processing steps. Recalcitrant organic, colored, toxicant, surfactant and chlorinated compounds and salts are the main pollutants in textile effluents.

In addition, the effects caused by other pollutants in textile wastewater, and the presence of very small amounts of dyes (<1 mg/L for some dyes) in the water, which are nevertheless highly visible, seriously affects the aesthetic quality and transparency of water bodies such as lakes, rivers and others, leading to damage to the aquatic environment.

During the dyeing process it has been estimated that the losses of colorants to the environment can reach 10–50%. It is noteworthy that some dyes are highly toxic and mutagenic, and also decrease light penetration and photosynthetic activity, causing oxygen deficiency and limiting downstream beneficial uses such as recreation, drinking water and irrigation.

With respect to the number and production volumes, azo dyes are the largest group of colorants, constituting 60-70% of all organic dyes produced in the world. The success of azo dyes is due to the their ease and cost effectiveness for synthesis as compared to natural dyes, and also their great structural diversity, high molar extinction coefficient, and medium-to-high fastness properties in relation to light as well as to wetness. They have a wide range of applications in the textile, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and are also used in food, paper, leather and paints. However, some azo dyes can show toxic effects, especially carcinogenic and mutagenic events.

Print this item

  What is a Brushless DC Motor and How Does It Work?
Posted by: ttois155ssa - 09-08-2021, 01:42 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

 At present, DC brushless blowers mostly use brushless DC motors, which greatly simplify the structure of brushless DC motors by eliminating the collector ring and brushes for excitation. It not only improves the technical performance of the motor, but also greatly improves the mechanical reliability and life of the motor. Not only that, it also has excellent control performance compared with other motors. This is because the torque constant, torque inertia ratio, and power density of the motor have been greatly improved due to the high performance of permanent magnet materials.

      Through reasonable design, the inertia and electromechanical time constant can be greatly reduced and greatly improved as the main index of servo control performance. The design of modern permanent magnet circuit has been improved, and the coercivity of permanent magnet material is high. As a result, the armature response and demagnetization resistance of permanent magnet motors have been greatly improved, and the control parameters of the motors have been greatly reduced under the influence of external disturbances.

      Since permanent magnet is used instead of electric excitation, the design of excitation winding and magnetic field is reduced, thus reducing the parameters such as excitation flux, excitation winding inductance and excitation current, thus enabling the control variables or parameters to meet the design requirements. Direct reduction. All these factors can be said that DC brushless blowers have good controllability.

  DC brushless motors are widely used in daily life, so do you know the advantages of DC brushless motors, the following I introduce you to the characteristics of DC brushless motors.

1, no carbon brushes, low interference DC brushless motor in addition to carbon brushes, the most direct change is that there is no brush geared motor operation generated by electric sparks, which greatly reduces the interference of electric sparks to remote radio equipment.

2, low noise, smooth operation DC brushless motor without brushes, friction is greatly reduced when running, smooth operation, noise will be much lower, this advantage for brushless geared motor running stability is a huge support.

3, long life, low maintenance costs DC brushless motor less carbon brushes, brushless geared motor wear is mainly on the bearings, from a mechanical point of view, brushless geared motor is almost a maintenance-free motor, when necessary, only need to do some dusting maintenance can be. Brushless DC motor life is generally between several tens of thousands of hours, while the ordinary brush motor life is generally between 1000-2000 hours.

4、Energy saving and noise reduction DC brushless motor adopts frequency control and stepless speed regulation to realize indoor constant temperature control, which saves energy up to 50% or more than traditional AC fan coils.

The blower is mainly composed of the following six parts: motor, air filter, blower body, air chamber, base (and oil tank), and drip nozzle. The blower runs eccentrically by the rotor offset in the cylinder and makes the volume change between the blades in the rotor slot to suck in, compress and spit out the air. In the operation of the blower using the pressure difference between the automatic lubrication to the drip nozzle, drip into the cylinder to reduce friction and noise, while maintaining the cylinder gas does not flow back, this blower is also known as the slide blower. The blower's types can be classified acccording to its applications, including, CPAP blowerBipap blowerICU ventilator blowerPurifying respirator blowerAir bed blowerHome appliance blower, etc.

Application prospects of brushless DC motor

Brushless DC motors have superior performance compared with other types of motors. Brushless DC motors are widely used in home ventilator motors, oxygen generators, small medical blowers and so on. Brushless DC motors have a good application prospect. However, there are still many problems to be solved and further research is needed. At present, the development of brushless DC motors has reached a relatively mature stage, but along with the continuous impact on materials, electronics and control technology, it is bound to develop in the direction of miniaturization, digitalization, long life and high reliability, and will certainly play a greater role in industrial production.

Brushless DC motors are common in industrial applications across the world. At the most basic level, there are brushed and brushless motors and there are DC and AC motors. Brushless DC motors, as you may imagine, do not contain brushes and use a DC current.

These motors provide many specific advantages over other types of electrical motors, but, going beyond the basics, what exactly is a brushless DC motor? How does it work and what’s it used for?

How a Brushless DC Motor Works
It often helps to explain how a brushed DC motor works first, as they were used for some time before brushless DC motors were available. A brushed DC motor has permanent magnets on the outside of its structure, with a spinning armature on the inside. The permanent magnets, which are stationary on the outside, are called the stator. The armature, which rotates and contains an electromagnet, is called the rotor.

In a brushed DC motor, the rotor spins 180-degrees when an electric current is run to the armature. To go any further, the poles of the electromagnet must flip. The brushes, as the rotor spins, make contact with the stator, flipping the magnetic field and allowing the rotor to spin a full 360-degrees.

A brushless DC motor is essentially flipped inside out, eliminating the need for brushes to flip the electromagnetic field. In brushless DC motors, the permanent magnets are on the rotor, and the electromagnets are on the stator. A computer then charges the electromagnets in the stator to rotate the rotor a full 360-degrees.

What are Brushless DC Motors Used For?
Brushless DC motors typically have an efficiency of 85-90%, while brushed motors are usually only 75-80% efficient. Brushes eventually wear out, sometimes causing dangerous sparking, limiting the lifespan of a brushed motor. Brushless DC motors are quiet, lighter and have much longer lifespans. Because computers control the electrical current, brushless DC motors can achieve much more precise motion control.

Because of all these advantages, brushless DC motors are often used in modern devices where low noise and low heat are required, especially in devices that run continuously. This may include washing machines, air conditioners and other consumer electronics. They may even be the main power source for service robots, which will require very careful control of force for safety reasons.

Brushless DC motors provide several distinct advantages over other types of electric motors, which is why they’ve made their way into so many household items and may be a major factor in the growth of service robots inside and outside of the industrial sector.

Print this item

  Mini excavators: Small size, big popularity
Posted by: ttois155ssa - 09-08-2021, 01:41 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

Mini excavators are one of the quickest growing equipment types, with the machine’s popularity seemingly ever-increasing. According to data from Off-Highway Research, global sales for the mini excavator were at their highest point ever last year, at over 300,000 units.

The major markets for mini excavators have traditionally been developed countries, such as Japan and those in Western Europe, but the last decade has seen their popularity rise in many emerging economies. Most notable of these is China, which is now by far the biggest mini excavator market in the world.

Considering that mini excavators essentially replace manual labour, this is perhaps a surprising turnaround in the most populous country in the world where there is certainly no shortage of workers. Although all is perhaps not as it seems in the Chinese market – see the box out ‘China and mini excavators’ for more details.

One of the reasons for the mini excavator’s popularity is that it is easier to power a smaller and more compact machine with electricity rather than the traditional diesel power. It is the case that, especially in city centres of developed economies, there are often strict regulations regarding noise and emissions pollution.

There is no shortage of OEMs that are currently working on, or have released electric mini excavators – back in January 2019 Volvo Construction Equipment (Volvo CE) announced that, by mid-2020, it will begin to launch a range of electric compact excavators (EC15 to EC27) and wheeled loaders (L20 to L28) and stop new diesel engine-based development of these models.

Another OEM looking at electric power for this equipment segment is JCB, with the company’s 19C-1E electric mini excavators. The JCB 19C-1E is powered by four lithium-ion batteries, providing 20kWh of energy storage. This is enough for a full working shift for the majority of mini excavator customers on a single charge. The 19C-1E itself is a powerful, compact model with zero exhaust emissions at point of use and one that is considerably quieter than a standard machine.

Small machine is a relatively light and fast mechanical equipment. Like hand-held power tools, concrete vibrator, frog tamper, mini transporter, woodworking machinery, steel machinery, mini dumper, motorized dump truck, welding, etc. are all small machines.
In addition to large machinery and equipment in construction should pay attention to the safe use, to prevent injury, a variety of medium and small machines also have different degrees of danger, must be used in accordance with the safety requirements.

Going electric

JCB recently sold two models to London-based J Coffey Plant, with Coffey Plant Division Operations Manager Tim Rayner commenting, “The major benefit is no emissions at point of use. Our workers are not subjected to diesel emissions when using the 19C-1E. Confined areas are now clearer and safer to work in too, as there is no longer a need for emissions control equipment such as extraction units and ducting. The JCB electric minis bring value to the business and the industry as a whole.”

Another OEM looking at electric power is Kubota. “In recent years mini excavators powered by alternative fuel sources – such as electric – have seen a surge in popularity,” says Glen Hampson, business development manager construction at Kubota UK.

“The main driver behind this is that electric equipment gives the operator the ability to work in regulated low emission zones. Electric machinery can also enable work to be carried out in confined spaces underground without producing harmful emissions. It’s reduced noise output also makes it great for construction work in urban or heavily populated environments.”

Kubota launched a prototype electric compact mini excavator in Kyoto City, Japan, at the start of the year and Hampson adds, “At Kubota, our main priority will always be the development of machines that match the needs of our customers – the development of electric machines will allow us to do just this.”

Bobcat recently announced that it was launching a new R-Series mini excavators from 2-4 tonne with a new range of five compact excavator models: the E26, E27z, E27, E34 and E35z. One of the standout features for this range is said by the company to be the Cylinder-Inside-Boom (CIB) design concept.

According to Miroslav Konas, product manager, Bobcat Excavators Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), “The CIB system aims to overcome what has been one of the weakest points in any mini-excavator – the vulnerability of the boom cylinder to damage such as that caused by colliding with the sides of trucks and other vehicles when loading waste and building materials.

“It does this by enclosing the hydraulic cylinder inside an extended boom structure, thus avoiding collisions with the top of the blade and the sides of vehicles. In fact, the boom structure protects the hydraulic boom cylinder in any position of its movement.”

Wood chipper is a kind of special equipment for producing wood chips, wood chipper is also called wood slicer, which is one of the wood processing series equipment.

Trenching machine, such as mini trencher, is one of the main types of construction machinery, a kind of trenching machinery used in earthwork construction, widely used in agricultural water conservancy construction, laying of communication cables and petroleum pipelines, municipal construction and military engineering, etc.

Useful tools and machines in home agriculture also include log splitterstump grinder, etc.

Operator comfort

With the lack of skilled operators in the industry, keeping those behind the stick happy has never been more important. Volvo CE claim that the new 6-tonne ECR58 F generation compact excavator has the most spacious cab in the industry.

Operator well-being, confidence, and safety are supported through a simplified workstation and user-friendly experience. The seat-to-joystick position has been revised and improved, while still being suspended together – a technic that Volvo CE says it introduced to the industry.

Designed to offer the highest levels of operator convenience, the cab features soundproofing, numerous storage areas, and 12V and USB ports. A fully opening front window and slide side window contribute to all-around visibility and operators have an automotive style jog wheel, five inch colour display and easy-to-navigate menus.

Operator comfort is indeed important, but another reason for the general popularity of the mini excavator segment is the ever-increasing range of attachments on offer. For instance, Volvo CE’s ECR58 has a wide range of attachments which are easy to switch over, including buckets, breakers, thumbs, and the new Tilt Quick Coupler.

Talking about the mini excavator’s rise in popularity, Chris Sleight, managing director, Off-Highways Research, highlights attachments, saying, “At the lighter end, the range of attachments available mean it [a mini excavator] is often favoured over workers using hand-held air-powered tools. This is partly because this can be helpful in reducing workers’ exposure to noise and vibration, and also because it removes the worker from the immediate vicinity of the tool.”

Sleight also adds that, “In Europe and even North America the mini excavator is replacing other types of equipment. At the top end of the scale, its smaller footprint and ability to slew through 360 degrees means it is often now favoured over backhoe loaders.”

Bobcat’s Konas agrees with the importance of attachments, saying, “The various types of bucket we offer are still the main ‘tool’ from among the 25 different families of attachments we offer for our mini excavators, but we see a trend developing with more advanced hydraulic attachments growing in popularity. That’s why we developed our A-SAC system, which together with up to five independent auxiliary circuits available on our machines, we believe makes Bobcat the most advanced brand on the market to operate such complex attachments.

“Combining the arm-mounted hydraulic auxiliary lines and the optional A-SAC technology together enables a wide choice of machine customisation options to match any attachment requirement, further enhancing the role of these excavators as excellent tool carriers.”

Remote monitoring as a growing trend?

Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe) has published a white paper on the future of the compact equipment segment in Europe. In it they point out that 70% of the mini excavators sold in Europe are under three tonnes, helped by the fact that it is relatively straightforward to obtain a licence to tow one of these models on a trailer with a regular driving licence.

The White Paper predicts that remote monitoring will play an increasingly important role in the compact construction equipment market, of which mini excavators are an important part. The report says, “Tracking the location of compact equipment is particularly important, given that it moves frequently from one job site to another.

“Location and working hours data can therefore help owners, especially rental companies, with planning, enhancing efficiency and scheduling maintenance. Accurate location information is also vital from a security point of view – it’s much easier to steal a smaller machine than a larger model, and theft of compact equipment is therefore more commonplace.”

Different manufacturers offer various telematics packages with their mini excavators and mini roller; there is no industry standard. Hitachi mini excavators are connected to its remote monitoring system, Global e-Service, and the data can also be accessed via smartphone.

While location and working hours are key bits of information, the report speculates that the next-generation of equipment owners will want to view more detailed data. “Owners want access to more data from manufacturers. One reason for this is the influx of a younger, more tech-savvy generation of customers, who can better understand and analyse data to improve productivity and efficiency.”

Print this item

  Designing for Injection Molding
Posted by: ttois155ssa - 09-08-2021, 01:40 AM - Forum: Welcomes and Introductions - No Replies

Injection molding machines perform a wide range of mechanical movements with differing characteristics. Mold opening is a low-force high-speed movement, and mold closing a high-force low-speed movement. Plasticizing involves high torque and low rotational speed, while injection requires high force and medium speed. A source of motive power is needed to drive these movements. The modern injection molding machine is virtually always a self-contained unit incorporating its own power source. Early machine frequency ran from a centralized source serving an entire shop or factory. In this respect, injection molding machines have undergone the same metamorphosis as machine tools.

Oil hydraulics has become firmly established as the drive system for the vast majority of injection molding machines and until recently was almost unchallenged as the power source. Put at its simplest, the injection molding machine contains a reservoir of hydraulic oil which is pumped by an electrically-driven pump at high pressure, typically at up to 2000 psi, to actuating cylinders and motors. High and low pressure linear movements are performed by hydraulic cylinders, and rotary movements for screw drive and other purposes are achieved by hydraulic motors. Hybrid machines, in which the screw is driven by electric motor while the linear movements remain hydraulically powered, are not uncommon.

In recent years, the supremacy of the hydraulic machine has been challenged by all-electric machines. These use new brushless servo motor technology to power the various machine movements. The capital cost of all-electric machines is higher than that of conventional machines but the energy consumption in production is much lower. This is because the electric motors run only on demand, and there are no losses due to energy conversion, pipelines, or throttling. The elimination of hydraulic oil makes the all-electric machine inherently cleaner, so these machines are attractive for sterile or clean room use. There is also evidence that all-electric machine movements can be resolved with a higher degree of precision and repeatability than hydraulic systems.

The Process
The process may involve either a thermoplast or a duroplast as the polymeric binder. With a thermoplast, solidification of the melt occurs on cooling; with a duroplast, a hardener is added to the feed mixture and solidification results from a binder-hardener reaction that occurs at elevated temperature. Figure 1 shows the viscosity-temperature relation for each type of binder. The reversibility of a thermoplast in terms of solidification makes recycling the reject a possibility but can lead to deformation of the compact during the subsequent burnout stage (see Sect. 3). For the duroplast process, solidification is irreversible and no deformation can occur during reheating, but the time for hardening is relatively long and the mold temperature is relatively high, and the reject cannot, of course, be recycled. The thermoplast process is the most widely used for ceramics and so this is discussed here.

Injection molding,such as commodity mold, is a prevalent manufacturing process utilized across a variety of applications, from full-scale productions of consumer products to smaller volume production of large components like car body panels.

The process involves a tool or mold, typically constructed from hardened steel or aluminum. The mold is precision machined to form the features of the desired auto part, and thermoplastic material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed and forced into the metal mold cavity where it cools and hardens.

With precise tooling and high-quality results, thin wall injection parts molding produces parts reliably and cost-effectively at large volumes.
Stratasys Direct has decades of experience in all phases of tooling, including part design, tool design, material sciences, post-processing and project management. Capabilities include injection molding, pad printing, silk screening, painting, EMI/RFI shielding and light assembly.

For streamlined operations, we offer Fast Track tooling, an operation that delivers parts in as little as ten days at volumes of 25 to 1,000 units.

Whatever the project, industrial designers, engineers and product designers may face some challenges when designing for plastic injection parts molding. The following details three mistakes designers should avoid for successful injection auto molded parts.

Non-Uniform Walls
On average, the minimum wall thickness of an injection molded part ranges from 2mm to 4mm (.080 inch to .160 inch). Parts with uniform walls thickness allow the mold cavity to fill more precisely since the molten plastic does not have to be forced through varying restrictions as it fills.

If the walls are not uniform, the thinner sections cool first. As the thicker sections cool and shrink, stresses occur between the boundaries of the thin and thick walls. The thin section doesn’t yield to the stress because the thin section has already hardened. As the thick sections yields, warping and twisting of the part occurs, which can cause cracks.

If design limitations make it impossible to have uniform wall thicknesses, the change in thickness should be as gradual as possible. Coring is a helpful method where plastic is removed from the thick area, which helps to keep wall sections uniform. Gussets support structures can also be designed into the part to reduce the possibility of warping.

Not Utilizing Draft
Mold drafts facilitate part removal from the metal thin wall mold. The draft must be in an offset angle that is parallel to the mold opening and closing. The ideal draft angle for a given part depends on the depth of the part in the mold and its required end-use function.

Allowing for as much draft as possible will permit parts to release from the mold easily. Typically, one to two degrees of drafts with an additional 1.5 degrees per 0.25mm depth of texture is sufficient.The mold part line will need to be located in a way that splits the draft in order to minimize it.

Sharp Corners
Sharp corners greatly increase stress concentration, which, when high enough, can lead to part failure. Sharp corners often come about in non-obvious places, such as a boss attached to a surface, or a strengthening rib, and the medical parts.

The radii of sharp corners needs to be watched closely because stress concentration varies with radius for a given thickness. The stress concentration factor is high for R/T values, less than 0.5, but for R/T values over 0.5 the concentration lowers. It is recommended that an inside radius be a minimum of 1 times the thickness.

In addition to reducing stresses, the fillet radius provides a streamlined flow path for the molten plastic, resulting in an easier fill of the mold, such as fiberglass mold. At corners, the suggested inside radius is 0.5 times the material thickness and the outside radius is 1.5 times the material thickness. A bigger radius should be used if part design allows.

Working with customers across a variety of industries, Stratasys Direct has developed thorough methods to provide solutions for fast tooling in order to serve your versatile needs.

Print this item